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JJNIV.  OF  CALIF.  LIBRARY,  LOS  ANGELES 


€fte  25cUe^^3tettte^  ^ttitfi 


SECTION  I 

ENGLISH   LITERATURE 

FROM  ITS  BEGINNING  TO  THE 
YEAR    I  I  GO 


19 


^3 


24 


asT 


id.  v.,  with  the  rune  at  the  head  of  Rid.  vi.  over 
le  end  of  a  MS. -line,  the  rest  of  which  is  blank 
jn,  not  reproduced,  at  the  end.  "J .  See  first  foot- 
Usual  stop  marking  close  of  Rid.  xvii.,  with  sign 
O.  Runes  in  Rid.  xxiv.,  precisely  in  their  relative 
he  secret  writing.  13.  The  runes  in  Rid.  xix.  in 
s  at  the  end  of  the  first  MS. -line  are  "  wundrum 
Elid.  Ixiv.  in  their  relative  positions.     21-25.  The 


^ 

atu-;r          s                  an  ^  j 

n      fp&V,^<frr.   y           f                        >t 

J   hfl^ 

'                       an      •■  ~ 

MW             f7«f        ■?' 

\ 

[W       V 
—  11  — 

JipApi^^^l-K^pph^pscj^s 

ic 

'un'Doji. 

-tabone- --p 

/7 

^ 

n^-        -K-Tr 

-■    1  A.  e  ^  'p^ 

•rn- 

•?ir         YVir 

"i! .  . ..  r 

■  -  n     „  ■!„  „  ,1  ..  h  Jr  in  Rid.  ,.;.;  ..in  Fig.  4.^  8.*u'.u.l  J,  m.ekiie  el«e  of  Rid.'.eii.,  »l.h  lign 

..r",^  .he  footnote  on  the' former.    The  wotdi  «"Sl  end  of'che  li..l  MS.-line  .re  "  Lind'om 
c      1                   19.  RuneinKid.  Iixiii.    20.  Rune,  in  Rid.  I<i>.  in  Ibeit  cebiive  p>ntion>.     21-25.  The 

Tk.  .bo,,  „.<,lj  ,q„e«n.  t,..inB.  f,om  >he  unique  MS.  of  ihe  Riddle.,  eed.ced  ,o  .kou,  J,,lf  ih 

•                        c 

OLD  ENGLISH 
RIDDLES 


EDITED    BY 


A.  J.  WYATT,  M.A. 

UNIVERSITY  OF  CAMBRIDGE,   ENGLAND 


BOSTON,  U.  S.  A.,  AND  LONDON 

D.   C.  HEATH  &  CO.,  PUBLISHERS 


COPYRIGHT,    igi2,    BY 
D.  C.  HEATH    &   CO. 


H  2 


PR 


intact 


I  AM  almost  ashamed  to  say  that  this  little  book  represents  the 
spare  hours  of  the  last  eight  years.  It  is  ten  years  since  I  undertook 
it,  at  the  request  of  the  late  Prof.  E.  M.  Brown,  of  the  University  of 
Cincinnati.  It  has  been  a  labour  of  love  and  pleasure,  except  for  the 
waste  involved  in  picking  up  the  threads  again  each  autumn  after 
an  interval  of  ten  or  eleven  months.  The  text  alone  occupied  weeks 
(including  several  visits  to  Exeter  to  consult  the  MS.)  5  the  punc- 
tuation, days.  I  have  not  cared  about  recovering  an  additional  letter 
here  and  there  in  the  numerous  mutilated  passages ;  but  I  have  cared 
greatly  to  try  and  evolve  a  more  intelligible  text  in  the  many  whole 
passages  that  were  yet  obscure.  The  Riddles  are  the  most  difficult 
Old  English  text  I  know,  because  the  editor  needs  to  combine  the 
qualifications  of  an  editor,  a  riddler,  and  an  antiquary  in  about  equal 
proportions.  To  such  qualifications  I  can  lay  no  claim  :  my  sole 
qualification  is  that  I  have  endeavoured  to  let  neither  the  riddler 
carry  it  with  a  high  hand  over  the  editor  nor  the  editor  over  the 
riddler.  The  only  safe  road  to  riddle-guessing  is  the  comparative 
method,  combined  with  some  antiquarian  investigation  into  the  exact 
form  and  construction  of  objects  in  early  times. 

Right  or  wrong,  my  own  conclusions  are  in  the  main  independent ; 
that  is  to  say,  I  have  read  everything  that  seemed  worth  reading 
and  formed  my  own  judgment.  No  rivalry,  it  seems  to  me,  is  pos- 
sible between  this  edition  and  that  of  Prof.  Tupper ;  but  it  is 
necessary  to  state  quite  clearly  the  relations  in  date  between  the  two 
books.  The  text  of  this  edition  was  completed  in  1909  ;  at  the  end 
of  that  year  the  Notes  were  finished,  except  for  a  few  reserved  mat- 
ters ;  but  the  Introduction  was  still  unwritten.   Then  the  heavy  duties 


VI 


IBrrface 


connected  with  the  Examinership  in  English  at  London  University 
compelled  me  to  put  this  work  altogether  on  one  side  for  two  years, 
until  the  autumn  of  1911,  when,  and  in  the  following  Christmas 
vacation,  it  was  completed.  Meantime,  early  in  1910  Prof.  Tupper 
sent  me  a  copy  of  his  edition  ;  until  I  received  it,  I  had  no  ink- 
ling that  he  was  engaged  upon,  or  even  contemplating,  such  a  book. 
My  Introduction  then  alone  remained  to  be  written;  and  in  the 
circumstances  I  deemed  that  I  was  not  entitled  to  make  any  use  of 
his  researches,  except  to  state  with  greater  emphasis  those  points, 
if  any,  in  which  I  differed  from  him.  Before  the  appearance  of  his 
edition,  however,  I  had  made  full  use  of  his  informing  and  stim- 
ulating articles,  in  Modern  Language  Notes  (1903),  on  "The  Com- 
parative Study  of  Riddles." 

One  pleasant  task  remains :  to  thank  those  good  friends  who  have 
so  willingly  helped  me.  The  Rev.  Chancellor  Edmonds  of  Exeter 
gave  me  ready  access  to  the  MS.,  sometimes  at  very  inconvenient 
hours  and  without  any  forewarning  ;  Miss  J.  D.  Montgomery  of 
Exeter  made  the  exact  measurements  given  in  the  first  foot-note  to 
Riddle  91 :  and  Mr.  A.  E.  Morgan  of  University  College,  Exeter, 
though  a  complete  stranger  to  me,  most  readily  consulted  the  MS. 
more  than  once  in  order  to  verify  my  tracings  and  memoranda. 
The  General  Editor,  Prof.  E.  M.  Brown,  took  the  kindliest  interest 
in  the  progress  of  the  work ;  since  his  death  I  have  greatly  missed  his 
knowledge  and  critical  acumen.  Two  old  pupils  of  mine.  Max 
Drennan  of  Cambridge  and  Bernard  Pitt  of  London,  have  done 
whatever  I  wanted  whenever  I  wanted  it.  Last  and  greatest,  my 
friend,  G.  Ainslie  Hight,  late  of  the  Indian  Forest  Service,  has 
been  like  the  Centurion's  servant;  he  relieved  me  entirely  of  the 
immense  labour  of  making  the  glossary  ;  without  his  ready  sympa- 
thy and  cheery  help  the  work  would  never  have  come  to  completion. 
Much  of  the  credit  is  his  ;  the  many  faults  and  defects  are  mine. 

^  -  Alfred  J.  Wyatt 

Cambridge,  April,  1912  ■' 


Contents; 

List  of  Riddles  and  Solutions        .  .  .  .     viii 

Introduction  ......  xiii 

The  Commoner  Anglian  Runes  .  ,  xxxix 

Text  of  Riddles    ......  i 

Notes    ........     65 

Bibliography  .  .  .  .  .  .124 

Glossary  .  .  .  .  .  .  .126 


Notes 

VOOO 

0000               00          o>  Oi 

00        w  « 

w  w 

t^t^       tvl^ 

Text 

1     -- 

W  10                     ^0^0                t^  t^ 

00  o>     00 

Solutions 

Accepted  or 

Favoured 

(See  the  Notes 

1     § 

Shield. 

Sun  (given  by 
rune  before 
and  after). 

Swan. 

Nightingale. 

Cuckoo. 
Barnacle-goose. 

Wine. 

Skin,  hide,  leath 

, ^ 

^            i 

^  . 

■^ 

J^° 

i 

52 

1 

1 

.a « 

Is 

Horse  turning  mill.  ' 
Bell  (Tupper,  1910) 
See  also  Mod.  Lang. 
Review,  Oct.  191 1,  p 

Shield  (L.  C.  Miiller) 

"o 

1 

n^^      .. 

•^ 

o 

Mf'r 

:  :  : 

a    . 

H 

1 

:  3  fl  . 

Dietrich 

Eaupt.  Ztscht. 

XI  and  xu 

1859-65 

a  . 

Ill 
III 

ii         "a 

.1 

..S-3 

(  2.  Woodpigeo 
Cuckoo. 
Wake  of  a  ship 

Night. 
Leather. 

Wyatt 

M    « 

w*               10^ 

t-00 

00            M    Ol 

191 2 

M            H    H 

C3 

S 

Grein- 

Wiilker 
1897 

M   «   rrj 

Tj-m                        NO    t^ 

00  Oi 

2S     22- 

Grein 

M   N   ro 

■*«0                        VO    »^ 

00  0 

Cm         m  ro 

1858 

Thorpe 

Cod.  Ex. 
1842 

^. 

" 

«o 

TtlO                           <0    «^ 

CO 

0 

0 

M 

M            W    CO 

VUl 


irtO  t^OO  o» 


w  53  c  M^  Ef    S 


"O  bc*j    .  S.  g  1!  d 


•J=J3 


o 
U 

5    ^ 


.-  o      o 


II 

se,  man,  slave 
wk  (Hicketie 
ce'  for  'slave 
upper,  1910). 

M^ 

outerwek 
(Walz). 
upper,  ig 
C.  MulU 
ein). 

^i 

•  a 

:bei  : 

B-sbjo 

(Hem 

|Mus 

(Onio 

(  Book 

Bible 

M3 

0 

K-^- 

5^ 

-6  •  a 

o      <->  >  ^ 


O   1) 


•   D.  ^ 


to 

MM  "2    M 

00  0. 

0    w    «    fO  ■* 

>o 

VO 

t^ 

00 

? 

^^^ 

to 
to 

to 

■* 

100    t^CO 

?g 

ss??^i? 

vO 

t^ 

00 

0 

^ 

M     <S    fO 

to  CO  fO 

^ 

to 

M 

too    t-00 

^8 

S?JJ??^ 

^ 

J? 

00 

o> 

^ 

M     «     ^0 

fO  fO  0 

-t 

to 

>o\o  t~-00         »  O 


IX 


Notes 


Text 


>..£ 


*j  ;5  o  aj 


o      a 


a         ^ 

oj^^  O 


=^  rr,  P  o. 

"o  a  S3 
o  o  oH 


«(!,      « 


a    Si 


V 
w   cJ    *^ 


::2z:^p 


:z 

Wyatt 
1912 

10  vO 

fO 

'^^^^^ 

? 

■* 

^ 

^=^ 

o> 

a 

Grein- 

Wulker 

1897 

^5:5 

"?. 

^^^^5 

? 

■<t 

NO 

Tj- 

00  o> 
1 1 

0 

m 

Grain 
1858 

^5^ 

<?, 

^^^^? 

? 

t 

^ 

00  o> 

a 

10 

Thorpe 

Cod.  Ex. 

1842 


1^2    ^ 


fO  f*^  fO  fO  fO  ^ 


a        "S 


.S^-r  E 


*C      "C  "-".S 


'a 

!  4)  o 
^2 


(BJ^ 


V  M 

a  o 

a  M 

w  a 

■S  3 

•is  H 


Q" 


C   O 


&s 


3      "rt  o       ►<      ^ 


gfe 


i.y     I'D. 
ai  rt  oj.IS         S   rt  rt 


§^ 


o  :>'2  bo 

,  o     "^  1)  a 


.9  '^ 


■■5  5. 
-i  2^        ^^  3 


jjy 


c/^U      <hJ 


M 

J^ 

\o 

E; 

<5>S^.S 

i/)0  r-00  0>  O 

t^  t^  r^  t^ 

»o 

to 

^0 
XT, 

!;; 

"15, 

>o*oo>o 

"1  Tfiri 

VOvO-O 

;§v^§^r;: 

N   r^  -t  lil 

?. 

-O 

2;;;? 

^ 

^ 

t0v0«0 

fO  ■*  >o 

S^^l^v^R 

M  e»  fo  ■'t 

tOvO   O  t^;-  Oi  O         M  N   fO  ■ 


XI 


Notes 


Text 


^•o 


^ 

c^ 

0 

a 

2-S 

-1^ 

S2 

O 

u 

"§ 

13 

COPh 

§-2 

3 

S^ 

o 
o 

■ — . — 

^— ^ — ■ 

.^^,,0 

^ 

^ 

8 

p 

:  :  :  : 

s 

2   ■   ■   ■ 
0 
0 

m         c^m 

1 

1 

.^1 

I,1S        ^ 

bO 

a          •      0   • 

1 

d 

1 

"i 
u 

Ml 

i  u:  -  r  ■ 

5    i^S: 

u 

to    •  1 

1     li4     5 

Wyatt 

0 

S         0 

o 

1912 

r^  t^  r^  t^ 

t^ 

000O00O00G^C^       coil 

Grein- 

Wulker 

0 

00 

00          00  00  00  00  00 

D-O. 

Qi 
U 

1897 

Grein 

1858 

1  i^^if^jS'^ 

r^           ^  00  00  00  00 

o?^;is<j?is  Is 

Thorpe 

"^     s 

s 

^"s      s 

s 

Cod.  Ex. 

00 

M 

w 

0  0  w  «  fO 

n  <4  C4  n 

?:;;°jj's°^ 

°?. 

1842 

H 

« 

Xll 


3!ntrot)uct(on 

I.   Historical  Survey 

In  Wanley's  account  of  the  Codex  Exoniensis,  1705,  he 
notes  that  the  ninth  and  tenth  *«  books"  of  the  MS.  consist  al- 
most entirely  of  Enigmas.  Already  in  l  703  Hickes  had  pub- 
lished facsimiles  of  five  Riddles  in  his  Grammatica  hlandicay 
with  a  discussion  of  these  pieces  and  citations  from  other  Rid- 
dles of  the  collection.  Hickes  seems  to  have  thought  them  religious 
poems;  he  found  sacred  meaning  in  the  homeliest  expressions. 

For  a  hundred  years  the  Exeter  Book  remained  undisturbed, 
until  in  I  8  I  2  J.  J.  Conybeare  published  an  account  of  the  MS. 
very  little  improved  upon  Wanley's  description,  w^hile  in  1826 
six  Riddles  as  specimens  and  translations  of  three  were  given  by 
him  to  the  world. 

A  complete  transcript  of  the  Codex  was  made  by  Robert 
Chambers  in  1831.  Not  so  valuable  as  Thorkelin's  copies  of 
the  Beowulf y  this  transcript,  still  at  the  British  Museum,  is  use- 
ful, since  Chambers  saw  in  the  damaged  portions  of  the  MS. 
letters  which  we  are  no  longer  able  to  distinguish.  Thorpe's 
transcript  of  the  following  year  formed  the  basis  of  his  edition 
of  the  Codex  in  i  842.  Thorpe  gave  the  Riddles  in  three  groups 
as  they  occur  in  the  MS.,  omitting  fragments,  supplying  trans- 
lations, and  offering  solutions  of  two  Riddles.  In  his  preface  he 
was  the  first  to  note  the  connection  of  our  Riddles  with  the 
Latin  ^nigmata  **  by  Symphosius,  Aldhelm,  Beda  and  others," 
but  claimed  for  the  author  of  the  English  Riddles  almost  com- 
plete originality. 


xiv  3!ntrorjuction 

During  the  following  years  L.  C.  Miiller,  Wright,  Ettmiiller 
(giving  the  text  of  twenty-six  Riddles),  Bouterwek  and  others 
suggested  solutions  or  otherwise  advanced  the  discussion  of  these 
poems.  But  the  next  date  of  importance  in  their  history  is  1857, 
in  which  year  Leo's  treatise  ^^e  de  se  ipso  Cynevulfus  .  .  .  tra- 
diderit  solved  the  quondam  First  Riddle  as  a  charade  on  Cyne- 
wulPs  name,  attributed  to  that  great  poet  **  if  not  all  yet  many 
of  those  riddles  collected  in  the  Exeter  Codex,  especially  those 
whose  answers  are  the  names  of  runic  letters,"  and  thus  drew 
the  Riddles  into  the  versi-coloured  searchlights  of  controversy. 

The  publication  of  Grein's  Bibliothek  der  Angehachsischen 
Poesie  in  1858  was  followed  quickly  by  the  penetrating  studies 
of  Dietrich,  who  in  two  articles  in  Haupt's  Zeitschrift  fur 
deutsches  Alter  turn  (1859  and  1865)  attempted  no  less  a  task  than 
solving  all  the  Riddles.  By  an  effort  of  sympathetic  imagination 
Dietrich  enabled  himself  to  see  and  think  with  the  eyes  and  mind 
ofan  eighth-century  Englishman:  no  scholar  can  question  his  pre- 
eminence as  a  solver.  Unfortunately,  under  the  influence  of  his 
pupil  Lange,  Dietrich  withdrew  some  of  his  own  excellent  so- 
lutions in  favour  of  poorer  ones.  As  a  supplement  to  his  work, 
Ed.  Miiller' s  treatise  of  I  861  should  be  mentioned.  Cynewulf's 
authorship  was  generally  admitted  after  Leo's  treatise,  and  Die- 
trich found  that  the  Latin  Riddle  and  the  last  Riddle  revealed 
the  same  author. 

It  remained  to  place  the  Riddles  in  relation  to  their  contem- 
porary European  literature,  a  task  fitly  undertaken  by  Ebert, 
whose  work  Die  Rdtsel  des  Exeterbuchesy  1877,  gave  a  full  ac- 
count of  the  Latin  riddle-collections  to  which  the  composer  or 
composers  of  the  Riddles  might  have  been  indebted.  He  found 
that  Aldhelm  borrowed  from  Symphosius,  and  Tatwine  and 
Eusebius  from  Aldhelm;  that  the  Exeter  Book  riddler  borrowed 


3|ntroDuccion  xv 

from  Tatwine  and  Eusebius;  that  there  were  probably  loo  Eng- 
lish Riddles  at  first,  since  there  were  loo  in  each  Latin  collec- 
tion; that,  as  the  English  writer  used  Tatwine-Eusebius,  this  af- 
fords a  clue  to  the  date  of  composition. 

Ebert's  work,  though  useful,  lacked  accuracy.  To  supply  an 
exact  account  of  the  sources  of  the  Riddles  was  the  object  of 
August  Prehn  (  i  883),  but  he  unfortunately  essayed  to  show  that 
almost  every  one  of  our  Riddles  rested  on  a  Latin  original. 
Abusing  to  the  utmost  the  dangerous  method  of  parallel  pas- 
sages he  found  evidence  of  borrowing  everywhere.  Prehn* s 
work  is  ridiculous:*  the  one  sound  conclusion  he  arrived  at,  that, 

*  In  effect  —  not  in  intention  —  Prehn  was  an  impostor,  and,  inasmuch 
as  his  authority  is  still  imposing  on  people  who  do  not  read  him  — for  instance 
a  writer  in  S^uelUn  und  Forschungen  (xcv.  32)  who  says:  "Thanks  to  the 
labours  of  Prehn  and  others,  it  is  possible  to  discover,  in  almost  every  case, 
the  sources  of  these  Old  English  riddles  among  the  Latin  riddle-poem*  of  Sym- 
phosius,  Eusebius  and  Aldhelm  " — it  maybe  well  to  expose  his  method, 
of  which  Rid.  32  furnishes  a  good  example.  He  has  a  long  article  to  prove 
that  this  riddle  has  been  suggested  by  one  of  Symphosius.  He  quotes  fragments 
instead  of  giving  the  full  Latin  text.   In  the  first  line  of  Symphosius: 

Longa  feror  velox  formosae  filia  silvae, 
he  thinks  that  the  word  '  formosae  *  may  have  suggested  the  adornment  of  the 
world  spoken  of  in  the  beginning  of  our  riddle,  completely  ignoring  that  the  first 
two  lines  of  No.  3  2  are  repeated  word  for  word  from  3 1 .  There  is  not  the  remot- 
est connection  in  the  thought  apart  from  the  idea  of  beauty.  The  Latin  'feror 
velox  '  he  finds  reproduced  in  11.  3,  4  (q.  v. ).  Again,  of  the  words  *  filia  silvae,' 
the  first,  without  the  second,  is  reproduced  in  11.  5-9,  "  if  you  collect  together 
all  the  different  bodily  parts  which  the  object  is  there  asserted  to  have  or  not 
to  have."  But  one  doesn't  get  a  daughter  by  collecting  eyes,  mouth  and  ribs 
—  at  least  it  is  not  the  usual  way.  The  Latin  riddle  on  a  fish  which  he  quotes 
in  a  footnote  (p.  203)  has  just  as  little  connection.  Similarly,  Rid.  i  is  sup- 
posed to  reproduce  three  wretched  hexameters  of  Aldhelm.  It  is  a  very  old 
story,  this  of  reminiscences,  and  it  is  always  turning  up  again  with  unoriginal 
minds.  A  poet  reads;  here  and  there  an  idea,  perhaps  in  itself  a  very  trivial 
one,  remains  in  his  mind,  and  is  unconsciously  worked  into  something  totally 


xvi  ^IntroDuction 

of  the  Latin  riddlers,  first  Aldhelm  and  next  Symphosius  had 
influenced  the  Exeter  riddler  most,  had  been  anticipated  by  Die- 
trich. 

For  a  convenient  summary  of  the  views  of  scholars  up  to 
this  point  Wiilker's  Grundriss  der  Angelsdchsischen  Litter atur, 
1885,  may  be  consulted. 

The  next  stage  in  the  literary  history  of  the  Riddles  is  the 
dispute  over  the  authorship.  In  1883  Trautmann  had  denied 
that  Cynewulf  was  the  author.  Herzfeld  in  1890,  though  still 
ascribing  the  riddles  to  the  youthful  Cynewulf,  made  a  careful 
investigation  into  their  language  and  metre.  Then  in  1 891  Sievers 
entered  the  field  with  a  crushing  and  final  attack  on  Leo's  solu- 
tion of  the  quondam  First  Riddle.  He  showed  that  the  forms 
extracted  from  this  poem  by  Leo  were  utterly  impossible  for  the 
first  syllable  of  Cynewulf.  Probably  the  Riddles  were  anterior 
to  Cynewulf  Already  in  1888  Bradley  (^Academy y  No.  829) 
had  declared  that  the  quondam  First  Riddle  was  no  riddle  at  all, 
**  but  a  fragment  of  a  dramatic  soliloquy,"  like  the  Wife's  Com- 
plaint. The  Latin  Riddle  and  the  last  Riddle  had  also  been 
thought  to  refer  to  Cynewulf,  one  as  a  pun  and  the  other  as 
the  wandering  minstrel :  Trautmann  rejected  the  connection  in 
each  case. 

The  literary  beauty  of  the  Riddles  was  insisted  upon  by 
Brooke  in  his  Early  English  Literature y  1892,  where  he  trans- 
lated or  paraphrased  over  thirty  riddles,  with  many  useful  re- 
marks on  Old  English  culture,  and  an  emphatic  assertion  o^  the 
originality  of  the  English  riddler. 

In  1900  Madert  attacked  Herzfeld' s  ascription  of  the  Riddles 
to  Cynewulf,  and,  carrying  on  Sievers' s  work,  found  linguistic 

new.  To  try  to  trace  its  source  is  like  asking  where  I  bought  the  seeds  for  the 
poppies  in  my  garden. 


31ntroi3uction  xvii 

and  metrical  grounds  for  abandoning  the  theory  of  Cynewulf's 
authorship. 

The  Riddles  had  been  studied  as  poetry  and  investigated 
from  phonological  and  grammatical  standpoints,  but  very  little 
as  riddles y  until  after  the  publication  of  other  collections  of  pop- 
ular enigmas,  notably  Wossidlo's  book  of  North  German  riddles 
(1897).  Questions  of  origin  and  classification  are  now  absorb- 
ing students,  and  the  question  of  the  authorship  of  our  Riddles 
becomes  more  complicated.  Which  are  Folk-riddles,  which  Art- 
riddles  ?  Did  one  man  make  the  whole  collection,  rewriting  and 
revising,  or  were  riddles  from  many  sources  copied  into  the 
Codex  by  a  compiler  or  by  the  scribe?  In  these  questions  Prof. 
Tupper  takes  a  prominent  part,  his  articles  of  1903  and  later 
his  edition  of  1 9 10  laying  special  stress  on  the  comparative  study 
of  riddles  of  all  times  and  lands. 

Since  1883  Trautmann  has  had  a  vigorous  share  in  discus- 
sions on  the  Riddles.  Having  rejected  Leo's  explanation  of  the 
quondam  First  Riddle,  he  took  part  in  contrasting  the  language 
and  metre  of  the  Riddles  with  those  of  the  signed  Cynewulfian 
poems;  he  has  printed  Riddles,  translated  them,  and  solved  them, 
offering  successively  different  solutions  with  equal  confidence. 

Other  metrical  and  grammatical  criticism  has  been  put  for- 
ward by  Holthausen  and  Sievers.  Side  by  side  with  purely 
philological  or  literary  criticism  a  growing  body  of  antiquarian 
and  anthropological  lore  has  helped  to  give  meaning  to  once 
meaningless  passages,  and  to  solve  problems  hitherto  unsolvable. 

II.  The  Latin  Riddles 

The  Riddles  of  the  Exeter  Book  form  one  of  several  extant 
collections  of  enigmas  attributed  to  Englishmen  of  the  7th  and 


xviii  3Introiiuction 

8th  centuries  —  the  ^Enigmata  of  Aldhelm  (640-709),  Bishop 
of  Sherborne,  of  Tatwine,  Archbishop  of  Canterbury  (731- 
734),  of  Eusebius  (Hwsetberht),  Abbot  of  Wearmouth  (716- 
c.  747),  of  Boniface  (Winfrith),  the  Lorsch  Riddles,  and 
those  attributed  to  Bede,  with  thoseof  Alcuin  (735-804),  Arch- 
bishop of  York.  Prose  conversation  manuals,  such  as  ^Ifric's 
Colloquies^  and  especially  Alcuin 's  Dispuiatio  inter  Pippi?iu?n 
et  Alcuijium,  show  a  close  affinity  to  these  puzzles. 

The  literary  origin,  as  distinguished  from  the  prevalence  of 
popular  riddles,  of  all  these  collections  is  to  be  found  in  the  ^^Enig- 
mata  of  one  Symphosius,  whether  the  minor  poet  Firmianus 
Symphosius  Cslius  or  not  we  cannot  tell.  Some  critics  place 
the  riddler  as  early  as  the  2d  century  a.d.,  others  as  late  as 
the  6th.  There  is  a  prologue  of  seventeen  hexameters,  mention- 
ing the  poet  by  name;  then  come  a  hundred  (or  a  hundred  and 
one,  a  cuckoo-riddle  being  doubtful)  three-line  hexameter  puz- 
zles. Common  animals,  plants,  tools,  clothing  are  the  usual 
themes,  treated  in  a  purely  pagan  spirit,  with  grace  and  wit, 
and  with  here  and  there  a  phrase  of  Ovid  or  Horace  worked  in. 
They  are  easily  accessible  in  Migne's  Patrologia  Latinay  vol. 
VII,  column  285,  where  they  are  ascribed  to  Lactantius. 

Aldhelm's  works  are  best  read  in  the  edition  of  Giles;  S.  Ald- 
helmi  Opera  (Oxford,  1844).  The  ^nigmata  occur  in  the 
Epistola  ad  Acircium  (Ealdferth  oi  Northumbria),  written  in 
695,  a  tractate  on  metrical  composition.  As  precedents,  Ald- 
helm adduces  the  Biblical  story  of  the  thistle  and  the  cedar  of 
Lebanon,  the  verse  enigmas  of  Symphosius,  and  prose  riddles 
of  Aristotle.  For  giving  to  speechless  things  a  human  voice  and 
human  sentiments,  Aldhelm  appeals  to  the  Scriptures:  the  trees 
of  the  wood  met  to  choose  a  king,  the  Psalmist  gives  Hfe  to  the 
hills,  riddles  are  found  in  Ecclesiastcs.    An  acrostic  in  hexame- 


3!ntroOuccion  xix 

ters,  whose  initials  and  finals  read  Aldhelmus  cecinit  millenis 
versibus  odas,  is  followed  by  a  hundred  riddles  of  from  four  to 
sixteen  Hneseach,  with  one  De  Creatura  of  eighty-three  or  eighty- 
eight  lines.  In  these  riddles  the  following  objects,  nightingale, 
salamander,  pepper,  pillow,  ostrich,  Minotaur,  fate,  Pleiades, 
nature,  kettle,  basilisk,  speak  in  their  own  persons.  Some  of 
his  subjects  were  familiar  to  Aldhelm,  but  many  either  are  fabu- 
lous or  were  known  to  him  only  through  books.  In  fact  these 
riddles  are  learned  exercises  in  poetical  natural  history  and  in 
versification,  most  of  their  poetical  merit  lying  in  a  picked  vocabu- 
lary. Aldhelm  shows  Christian  influence,  but  the  riddles  are  not 
distinctively  clerical.  A  remarkable  feature  is  their  independence 
of  Symphosius:  only  two  enigmas  and  a  few  ideas  are  borrowed 
from  him. 

Tatwine  wrote  forty  hexameter  riddles,  the  number  of  lines 
varying  as  in  Aldhelm' s.  About  one  third  of  them  deal  with 
specifically  Christian  subjects,  dogma  or  church  ornaments.  He 
is  a  philosopher  and  grammarian,  one  riddle  actually  being  on  the 
theme  of  prepositions  and  the  cases  they  govern.  Though  Tat- 
wine borrows  something  from  Aldhelm  he  is  not  unoriginal,  but 
he  is  always  dull. 

In  the  same  MSS.  which  contain  Tatwine' s  enigmas  occur 
the  sixty  riddles  of  Eusebius,  completing  the  hundred.  A  friend 
of  Bede,  Eusebius  followed  the  great  teacher  by  writing  on 
chronological  and  grammatical  themes,  but,  unhke  Tatwine,  he 
has  but  little  Christian  colouring  in  his  work.  A  man  apparently 
of  feeble  invention,  he  borrows  many  of  his  subjects  from  the 
Etymologies  of  Isidore  of  Seville;  he  owes  little  to  Aldhelm  and 
less  still,  perhaps  nothing,  to  Symphosius.  Eusebius  is,  if  possi- 
ble, duller  than  Tatwine. 

Other  collections  of  Latin  riddles  are,  almost  certainly,  un- 


XX  31ntroDuction 

connected  with  those  of  the  Exeter  Book  except  through  their 
resemblances  to  Symphosius  and  Aldhelm. 

It  was  Thorpe  who  first  noted  the  connection  between  the 
^nigmata  of  Bede,  Aldhelm  and  Symphosius  and  those  of  the 
Exeter  Book;  he  claimed  essential  originality  for  the  *  scop.'  But 
the  researches  of  Dietrich,  Ebert,  Prehn  and  their  critics  have 
pretty  well  established  the  following  conclusions: 

( I  )  Riddles  3  5  and  40  are  directly  translated  from  Aldhelm' s 
poems  De  Lorica  and  De  Creatura  ;  66  is  a  re-working  of  40. 

(2)  Riddles  47  and  60  are  plainly  derived  from  the  Tinea  and 
Arundo  of  Symphosius,  while  84  is  a  different  handling  of  Sym- 
phosius 12,  Flumen  et  Piscis. 

(  3  )  In  seventeen  or  eighteen  riddles  hints  from  Aldhelm  *  and 
Symphosius  are  somewhat  freely  used:  the  twelve  hundred  heads 
of  85  must  be  from  Symphosius  (One-eyed  garlic-seller).  Aid- 
helm's  nightingale  poem  and  no.  8  have  much  in  common,  the 
riddles  on  a  young  bull  have  parallels  in  the  Latin  collections. 
Other  correspondences  are  pointed  out  in  the  notes. 

(4)  Though  14  shows  resemblance  to  Eusebius  30,  and  there 
are  undoubted  resemblances  in  other  riddles,  it  seems  improba- 
ble that  Tatwine  or  Eusebius  exercised  any  influence  on  the 
writers  of  the  Exeter-Book  enigmas. 

III.    The   Quondam  First  Riddle 

This  poem  occupies  the  lower  half  of  folio  1 00  b  and  the  first 
lines  of  loi  a.  It  is  preceded  by  miscellaneous  poems  and  fol- 
lowed by  the  first  batch  of  Riddles.  As  Riddles  i,  2,  3  invite 
the  reader  to  solve  them  and  this  poem  does  not,  as  the  struc- 
ture of  the  poem  is  quite  unlike  that  of  the  Riddles,  it  is  rather 

*  **  The  author  of  the  Old  English  riddles  derived  most  of  his  inspiration  from 
Aldhelm  !  "  {^Cambridge  History  of  English  Literature^!.  60.) 


31ntrorjuftion  xxi 

strange  that  it  should  ever  have  been  thought  to  be  a  riddle. 
This  is  the  first  edition  of  the  Riddles  in  which  this  interesting 
interloper  does  not  take  its  place  with  the  poems  which  follow 
it  in  the  Codex. 

The  text  is  as  follows: 

Leodum  is  minum  swylce  him  mon  lac  gife; 

willat?  hy  hine  apecgan  gif  he  on  preat  cyme's. 

Ungellc  is  us. 

Wulf  is  on  lege,  ic  on  operrcj 
5   fest  is  paet  eglond,  fenne  biworpen;     , 

sindon  w^lreowe  weras  pxr  on  Tge; 

willa'5  hy  hine  apecgan  gif  he  on  preat  cyme's. 

Ungelice  is  us. 

Wulfes  ic  mines  wTdlastum  wenum  dogode; 
10  J>onne  hit  waes  renig  weder  ond  ic  reotugu  saet, 

Jjonne  mec  se  beaducafa  bogum  bilegde: 

waes  me  wyn  to  pon,  waes  me  hwaepre  eac  la^. 

Wulf,  min  Wulf,  wena  me  pine 

seoce  gedydon,  pine  seldcymas 
15   murnende  mod,  nales  metellste. 

Gehyrest  pu,  Eadwacer?  Uncerne  earne  hwelp 

bire^  wulf  to  wuda. 

Jjaet  mon  eape  toslite^  paette  nSfre  gesomnad  waes, 

uncer  giedd  geador. 
9  Imelmann  hogode.      16  Holthausen  earmne. 

The  meaning  oiapecgan  and  dogode  is  unknown,  earne  may- 
be from  earn  =  quick,  active,  or  from  earb  =  cowardly.  fVu/fma.y 
be  the  name  of  some  particular  person,  or  perhaps  means  wolf. 
preat  sometimes  means  a  throng,  sometimes  a  calamity.  B'ogum 
may  mean  wdth  boughs,  or  with  arms,  and  w'ldlastum  may  be 
either  noun  or  adjective.  The  following  translation  must  there- 
fore be  regarded  as  tentative: 

To  my  people  it  is  as  if  one  should  give  them  a  gift; 
They  will  oppress  him  (?or  give  him  food)  if  he  comes  into  the  throng 
{or  into  calamity). 


xxii  3!ntroi3uctton 

It  is  otherwise  with  us. 

Wolf  is  on  an  island,  I  on  another; 

The  island  is  firm,  encompassed  by  marsh; 

There  are  fierce  men  there  on  the  island; 

They  will  {etc.  as  1.  2  above). 

It  is  otherwise  with  us. 

I  waited  ( ?)  for  my  Wolf  with  far-wandering  longings; 

Then  it  was  rainy  weather  and  I  sat  tearful, 

When  the  man  bold  in  war  surrounded  me  with  boughs  {or  arms) : 

It  was  joy  for  me  so  far,  yet  it  was  also  pain. 

Wolf,  my  Wolf,  thy  hopes 

Have  made  me  sick,  thy  rare  visits 

A  grieving  spirit,  not  at  all  want  of  food. 

Dost  thou  hear,  Eadwacer  ?  Brisk  {or  cowardly)  cub  of  us  two 

Wolf  bears  to  the  wood. 

Easily  one  tears  asunder  what  was  never  united, 

Our  song  together. 

LI.  16,17  above  are  so  punctuated  as  to  give  some  intelligible 
meaning;  but  the  meaning,  and  therefore  the  punctuation,  is 
quite  uncertain.    **  Bears  "  and  **  tears"  may  be  future  tense. 

This  poem  being  taken  to  be  a  Riddle,  solutions  had  to  be 
found  for  it.  In  1857  Leo,  by  changing  words,  meanings,  and 
grammar  {leodum  to  leosum  and  so  forth),  arrived  at  this  trans- 
lation of  lines  1,2: 

My  limbs  are  as  one  assigns  to  them  a  meaning, 

This  they  will  reveal  when  the  meaning  gathers  itself  together. 

That  is  to  say  that  the  parts  of  the  riddle  may  receive  different 
names,  but  when  they  are  juxtaposed  the  true  meaning  will  be 
apparent:  the  riddle  is  a  cfiarade.  Leo  then  finds  that  cyn  or  cyne 
may  be  represented  by  cene,  by  caiiy  or  by  c'eti.  And  wcel- 
{h)reozve=CGX\Q  (bold);  so  too  26-2^^/7  =  cen  (a  torch)  which  is  made 
of  split  wood.  A  woman  speaks  in  this  poem;  woman  =  cwen 
or  in  Northumbrian  csn  (a  more  than  doubtful  form).   The 


31ntroUuctton  xxiii 

word  w u If  occMTs  frequently  in  the  poem.  Let  Eadvvacer  repre- 
sent the  vowel  e,  translate  unc€r7ie  earne  **of  us  two,"  and  lines 
1 6,  17  by  **  Dost  thou  hear?  A  wolf  ht2X%  Eadwacer,  the 
child  of  us  two,  to  the  wood. ' '  Nothing  now  remains  to  be  proved : 
Cyn  +  e  +  wulf  is  the  meaning  gathered  together.  More  in- 
genuity explains  the  islands  as  syllables y  logum  as  whatever 
parts  the  syllables.  The  last  lines  signify  that,  as  c~ene  and  ci^n 
are  different,  they  can  easily  be  sundered. 

CynevvulPs  authorship  of  this  charade  being  then  admitted 
by  everyone,  it  was  not  strange  that  Dietrich  should  find  that 
the  Latin  Riddle  and  the  last  Riddle  referred  to  Cynewulf  too. 

In  1869  Rieger  published  a  short  re-reading  of  the  quondam 
First  Riddle  with  comments  on  Leo's  explanation.  He  retained 
leodum  mmuniy  w^hich  he  explained  as  cyfi?t  (observing  that  cynn 
is  not  cyne^  ;  he  read  ccene  =  cwene  instead  of  can  =  cwen.  In 
short  he  agreed  with  Leo's  conclusion  though  disapproving  of 
his  phonology. 

Trautmann  in  1883  utterly  rejected  Leo's  text,  translation, 
and  explanation.  He  declared  that  there  are  no  syllabic  charades 
in  Old  English  literature,  and  that  Leo  had  made  this  one  only 
by  outrageous  liberties  with  text  and  lexicon.  Cynewulf  belonged 
to  the  same  class  of  names  as  Cyneheard  and  Cyneweard;  Cyne- 
is  the  syllable  seen  in  cyne-stol.  The  long  vowels  in  Cene- 
wulf,  Ccenewulf  would  have  no  likeness,  in  the  native  and  con- 
temporary ear,  to  Cyne-.  The  explanations  offered  by  Leo  of 
the  island  passage  are  quite  impossible,  and  those  of  lines  16, 
17  altogether  too  far-fetched.  Leo's  solution  is  harder  than  the 
riddle,  and  it  is  time  that  it  was  done  away  with. 

Trautmann' s  own  solution  is  Riddle y  and  he  says  that,  just 
as  there  can  be  no  doubt  Leo  is  wrong,  so  there  can  be  no  doubt 
Trautmann  is  right.   The  wolf  is  the  solver,  the  speaker  is  the 


xxiv  BlntroDuctton 

riddle  ;  being  on  different  islands  means  that  the  solver  cannot 
get  at  the  riddle;  the  wal{Ji)r~eowe  weras^xt  other  guessers.  As 
the  solver  makes  wandering  guesses  the  riddle  sits  weeping,  but 
she  is  both  glad  and  sorry  when  she  is  embraced,  that  is,  guessed. 
The  rare  visits  of  the  solver  are  his  rare  good  guesses.  When 
the  solver  drags  the  whelp  to  the  wood  the  riddle  is  solved. 
Trautmann  makes  no  attempt  to  explain  Eadwacer.  Lines  18, 
1 9  signify  that  the  riddle  and  solution,  never  united,  may  easily 
be  sundered;  but  the  answer  brings  riddle  and  guesser  together. 
The  last  Riddle  he  also  solved  as  The  Riddle. 

At  the  time  of  its  publication,  Trautmann' s  demolition  of 
Leo's  work  did  not  receive  its  fair  share  of  consideration,  since 
almost  all  scholars  were  too  thoroughly  committed  to  the  Cyne- 
wulfian  theory.  The  Riddle  solution  was  almost  unanimously 
rejected.  Professor  Henry  Morley  was  then  bringing  out  his 
English  Writers  ;  while  accepting  Trautmann' s  destructive  result, 
he  rejected  his  constructive  attempt,  and  suggested  that  the  real 
solution  was  the  Christiafi  Preacher.  A  review  of  Morley 's 
second  volume  by  Henry  Bradley  in  the  Academy  for  March  24, 
1888,  opened  an  entirely  new  chapter  in  the  history  of  the  poem. 
**  I  may  as  well  state  my  own  view,  which  is  that  the  so-called 
riddle  is  not  a  riddle  at  all,  but  a  fragment  of  a  dramatic  soHlo- 
quy,  hke  Deor  and  The  Wife^s  Complaint ^  to  the  latter  of  which 
it  bears,  both  in  motive  and  in  treatment,  a  strong  resemblance." 
The  speaker  is  a  woman  —  the  grammar  shows  this  —  proba- 
bly a  captive  in  a  foreign  land,  Wulf  is  her  outlaw  lover,  Ead- 
wacer is  her  **  tyrant  husband."  Bradley  renders  on  f>reat  cu- 
man  **come  to  want,"  apecgan  **give  food  to,"  ear7ie  **  cow- 
ardly." 

Gollancz  approved  of  Bradley's  theory,  with  modifications. 
Herzfeld  adduced  further  considerations  in  its  favour,   taking 


JlntroDuction  xxv 

line:  1 6  and  1 7  to  mean  that  Wulf  drags  away  as  a  hostage  the 
child  of  Eadwacer  and  the  lady,  while  she  herself  is  held  in  cus- 
tody by  her  husband. 

In  1 89 1  Sievers,  with  more  thorough  and  accurate  scholar- 
ship than  Trautmann  had  displayed  in  1883,  denied  the  equiv- 
alence of  cyni,  canty  cetiy  czvaen  (giving  these  normal  Early 
Northumbrian  forms).  Cook  in  1900  sums  up  thus:  **  Cyne- 
wulPs  name  is  not  found  in  the  First  Riddle,  which  in  all  prob- 
ability is  not  a  riddle  at  all.  Hence  there  is  no  ground  for  as- 
suming that  either  Riddle  86  [the  Latin  riddle]  or  Riddle  89 
[i.e.  93]  is  intended  to  denote  Cynewulf.  There  is  therefore 
nothing  in  any  of  the  Riddles  to  indicate  that  Cynewulf  was  a 
wandering  minstrel.  Finally,  the  Riddles,  on  the  best  authority 
(Sievers),  probably  antedate  Cynewulf." 

In  1902  a  careful  study  of  the  poem  was  made  by  W.  W. 
Lawrence  and  W.  H.  Schofield.  Lawrence  declared  that  the 
poem  is  a  translation  from  Old  Norse.  Lines  3,  8,  17,  19  are 
very  short,  and  hint  at  a  strophic  structure,  as  the  repetition  of 
lines  2  and  3  later  in  the  poem  appears  to  indicate  a  refrain. 
Some  of  the  difficult  phrases  in  the  poem  (<?;/  preat  cymed,  to 
/^on)  seem  hke  Norse  idioms.  The  alliteration  is  w^eak,  as  might 
be  expected  in  a  translation. 

Schofield  sought  to  connect  the  poem  with  Teutonic  legend. 
He  calls  it  **Signy's  Lament,"  and  declares  that  it  represents 
a  phase  of  the  Volsungasaga.  Signy,  the  daughter  of  Volsung, 
has  married  Siggeir,  who  treacherously  slays  Volsung  and  all  his 
sons  except  Siegmund,  who  escapes  and  lives  in  the  forest.  Sieg- 
mund  and  Signy  plot  to  avenge  the  death  of  their  father  and 
brothers.  Signy's  two  sons  by  Siggeir  are  in  turn  tested  by  Sieg- 
mund, but  failing  in  courage  are  slain  by  him.  But  a  boy  born 
to  Siegmund  by  Signy,  and  thus  of  Volsung  blood  on  both  sides. 


xxvi  3|ntroDuction 

is  bold  enough  to  carry  the  revenge  through.  Signy  dies  with 
Siggeir,  not  caring  for  life  as  long  as  the  task  of  the  blood-feud  is 
accomplished.  (In  after  days  Siegmund,  with  his  son  and 
nephew  Sinfjotli,  performed  many  exploits:  their  names  were 
known  to  the  English,  see  11.  875  ff.  of  Beowuif.)  In  our 
poem  Signy  speaks,  hinting  at  her  connection  with  Siegmund 
in  11.  1 1  — 12,  the  removal  of  her  cowardly  oifspring  in  11.  16 
and  1 7,  her  loathed  union  with  Siggeir  in  11.  i  8  and  1 9.  *Wulf  * 
is  a  word  well  applied  to  Siegmund  both  as  outlaw  and  as  head 
of  the  Wolfing  clan.  The  crux  is  Eadwacer.  Schofield  supposes 
an  Old  Norse  au5vakr=**  the  very  vigilant  one,"  not  a  proper 
noun. 

Bradley  retorts  that  audvakr  is  not  Old  Norse,  but  new 
American  of  Schofield's  own  coinage,  and  finds  Eadwacer  a 
good  English  name  borne  by  at  least  two  historical  Englishmen. 
Gollancz  declares  that  Eadwacer  is  Odoacer  (in  the  Hildebrands- 
lied  etc.),  and  that  Wulf  applies  better  to  Theodoric  than  to 
Siegmund.  In  1907  Imelmann  elaborately  connected  our  poem 
with  the  Odoacer  cycle.  It  seems  that  Bradley's  view  is  the 
right  one  in  essentials:  the  poem  is  the  monologue  of  a  woman 
bewailing  her  absent  lover  who  is  in  danger.  Whether  it  may 
be  assigned  to  a  Teutonic  legend,  and  if  so  to  which,  there  seems 
to  be  as  yet  no  sufficient  evidence  to  show. 

It  will  be  seen  (section  on  Authorship)  that  Tupper  in  his 
edition  of  the  Riddles  (1910)  denied  CynewulPs  authorship; 
he  also  gave  a  general  adhesion  to  the  views  expressed  above. 
**  The  First  Riddle  is  thus  unquestionably  a  lyrical  monologue,'* 
he  wrote. 

By  the  end  of  the  year  (see  Modern  Language  Notes,  De- 
cember, 1910)  he  had  made  a  complete  volte-face:  **  Now 
all  is  changed. ' '   He  revived,  with  the  utmost  confidence,  the 


3|ntroUuction  xxvii 

theory  that  the  quondam  First  Riddle  is  a  cryptogram,  giving 
the  name  of  Cynewulf  in  the  form  Cynwulf  (as  in  the  Cnst 
and  the  FaUs  of  the  Apostles').  Apparently  the  quondam  First 
Riddle  is  a  combination  of  acrostic  and  charade  after  ««  the  Ice- 
landic method."  Runes  are  employed,  not  the  runes  themselves 
but  their  names,  or  if  not  their  names  synonyms  for  their  names, 
with  a  little  further  rectification  when  necessary.  Everything 
means  something  else.  The  first  word,  L~eodum  =  Qyvi\  two  or 
three  other  words  also  =  Cyn.  In  1.  5  eg-  =  ea  (which  is  not 
true)=Lagu,  the  name  of  the  L-rune.  In  1.  11  bog  =  boga 
(which  is  not  true)=Yr,  one  name  for  the  Y-rune.  The  let- 
ters L  and  Y,  essential  to  the  acrostic,  are  given  in  this  way 
only.  The  student  must  be  referred  to  Tupper's  article.  But  a 
few  things  have  to  be  said.  The  Icelandic  rlmur,  here  supposed 
to  be  imitated,  are  as  dreary  as  Chaos,  but  they  are  consistent. 
They  pursue  one  method  consistently.  As  Tupper  says,  **  In 
the  Icelandic  rlmur  the  synonyms  of  the  runes  fill  the  text  to 
the  exclusign  of  other  ideas."  The  first  line,  **  It  is  for  my  peo- 
ple as  if  one  should  give  them  treasure,"  might,  on  the  Icelandic 
method,  stand  for  the  word  king.  Tupper  admits  that  there  is 
no  attempt  at  anything  of  the  kind  in  the  English.  That  is  to 
say,  we  are  asked  to  believe  that  the  sole  and  soHtary  instance 
(for  that  we  offer  humble  thanks)  in  our  language  of  a  charade 
and  acrostic  imitated  from  the  Icelandic  departs  completely  from 
the  traditional  method.  Then  who  could  possibly  know  how 
to  interpret  it  ?  Even  the  ingenious,  original  Cynewulf  had  to  be 
intelligible.  Leodum  is  interpreted  Cyn  ;  but  Tupper  gives  no 
example  of  a  riddle  or  acrostic  in  Icelandic  or  Latin,  where  the 
hidden  word  is  not  defined  but  has  to  be  guessed  from  a  case  of 
a  similar  word.  In  the  Icelandic,  every  Hne  has  pointed  refer- 
ence, in  one  way  or  another,  to  the  hidden  meaning :  what 


xxviii  31ntroUuction 

point  is  there  in  our  refrain,  *  Ungelic  is  us '  ?  Lastly,  Cyne- 
wulf 's  other  signatures  are  not  particularly  difficult  to  read  ;  why 
should  he  have  made  this  riddle  undecipherable,  one  would  im- 
agine, even  to  a  man  of  his  own  day  ? 

It  must  be  added  that  Tupper  proceeds  to  restore  the  great 
majority  of  the  riddles  to  Cynewulf.  **  The  proper  interpreta- 
tion of  the  *  Cynwulf '  cryptogram  shifts  the  burden  of  proof 
to  the  shoulders  of  him  who  endeavours  to  show  that  this  collec- 
tion of  poems,  in  the  main  homogeneous,  was  not  (with  a  few 
exceptions)  the  work  of  Cynewulf.  .  .  .  The  undoubted  varia- 
tions in  metre,  language  and  style  from  the  usage  in  the  gener- 
erally  accepted  poems  of  Cynewulf  are  after  all  too  slight  to 
avail  against  the  explicit  evidence  of  the  First  Riddle.'* 

IV.   Classification 

No  rigid  classification  can  be  made,  and  the  heading  is  per- 
haps something  too  daring.  Nevertheless,  even  an  attempt  at 
classification  may  prove  to  have  important  bearings  on  the  ques- 
tions of  date  and  authorship.  The  riddles,  it  will  be  seen,  are 
not  riddles  in  the  modern  sense  of  the  word,  but  enigmas,  de- 
scriptions of  an  object  which  are  intended  to  be  at  once  accu- 
rate and  misleading:  the  more  misleadingly  accurate  and  accu- 
rately misleading,  the  better.  There  is  so  little  play  upon  words 
and  their  meanings  that  I  regard  the  few  cases  adduced  (31^'*, 
377,  72^^)  as  uncertain  or  unintentional.  But,  apart  from 
word-play,  several  devices  are  employed,  such  as  the  use  of 
runic  characters,  of  the  names  of  runic  characters,  and  even  of 
secret  writing.  The  riddles  vary  greatly  in  length,  from  one  line 
to  108  lines  (incomplete);  the  average  length  is  about  15  lines. 
They  vary  ahnost  as  much  in  poetic  quality:  some  are  barren 
of  poetry,  some  few  are  among  the  finest  things  extant  of  Old 


JIntroDuction  xxix 

English  literature.  To  some  extent  it  would  be  true  to  say  that 
the  poetic  quality  varies  inversely  as  the  true  riddle  quality,  that 
of  misleading  accuracy ;  hence  we  may  infer  that  it  is  a  mistake 
to  attempt  minute  explanation  of  the  most  poetic  pieces.  Both 
length  and  poetic  quality  are  connected,  more  or  less  closely, 
with  another  aspect  under  which  the  riddles  must  be  viewed, 
that  of  *  popular  '  or  *  learned '  origin  —  Volksratsel  and  Kunst- 
ratsel.  One  might  even  make  a  rough  canon  as  follows :  There 
is  a  presumption  that  a  long  or  highly  poetic  riddle,  and  still 
more  that  a  long  and  highly  poetic  riddle,  is  of  learned  origin  ; 
and  that  a  short  or  unpoetic  riddle,  and  still  more  that  a  short 
and  unpoetic  riddle,  is  popular,  traditional,  of  folk  origin.  A 
folk  riddle  may  be  worked  over  by  a  poet  and  thus  far  pass  into 
the  other  class  ;  almost  certainly  No.  22,  and  perhaps  Nos.  31 
and  32,  both  beginning  with  the  same  learned  couplet,  are  ex- 
amples. In  another  way  an  Old  English  riddle  may  combine 
popular  and  learned  elements:  some  of  the  OE.  riddles  (as  is 
shewn  in  detail  in  the  Notes)  are  partly,  and  two  wholly, 
translated  from  Latin  ;  so  far  they  are  of  learned  origin;  but  some 
of  the  Latin  originals  contain  folk  elements.  In  other  instances 
the  writer  would  seem  to  have  started  from  an  English  folk  riddle, 
and  to  have  elaborated  and  embellished  it  with  borrowings,  at 
times  merely  of  a  line,  phrase  or  thought,  from  a  Latin  riddle  ; 
as  an  example  I  would  adduce  No.  16.  This  is  a  subject  requir- 
ing further  investigation  and  a  treatise  to  itself. 

One  word  here  as  to  the  amount  of  the  borrowing  from  the 
Latin  (v.  sup. ) .  In  twenty-five  riddles  at  the  utmost  does  the  debt 
exceed  that  of  an  occasional,  often  doubtful,  line  or  phrase; 
only  six  of  these  are  translations  or  reproductions  of  the  Latin, 
and  in  only  two  of  the  six  (nos.  35  and  40,  possibly  by  the 
same  translator)  is  the  rendering  Hteral. 


XXX  ^Introduction 

We  are  now  in  a  position  to  attempt  a  partial  classification. 
Ten  riddles  must  be  set  aside  as  defective  or  fragmentary:  nos. 
i8,  41,  67,  70,  75,  77,  78,  81,  88,  92.  The  following 
shew  clear  borrowing  from  Latin  riddles  and  are  to  that  extent 
learned:  nos.  9,  12,  16,  26,  30,  35,  37,  38,  40,  47,  48, 
49,  58,  59,  60,  63,  65,  66,  83,  84,  85,  86.  The  following 
nine  are  among  the  most  poetic  of  the  riddles  —  some  of  them 
are  poems  rather  than  riddles  —  and  are  presumably  in  the  main 
of  learned  origin  (no.  8  is  a  possible  exception):  nos.  i,  2,  3, 
8,  15,  26,  40,  60,  66.  To  these  the  following  seven  may  be 
added,  which  in  their  present  form  I  take  to  be  too  long  and 
sometimes  too  diffuse  in  treatment  (for  the  true  folk  riddle  is 
wondrous  pregnant)  for  Volksj-'dtsel :  nos.  20,  22,  31,  39,  72, 
87,  91.  And  to  these  again  I  would  add  the  markedly  Chris- 
tian riddles:  nos.  6,  1 1,  40,  48,  55,  59.  It  seems  to  be  clearly 
implied  in  Rid.  42S-7: 

Ic  on  flette  maeg 
^urh  runstafas  rincum  secgan, 

pam  Pe  bee  ivitan: 

that  the  riddles  containing  runic  characters  (nos.  19,  24,  64, 
74;  the  rune  in  no.  89  is  merely  scribal),  or  the  names  oi 
runic  characters  (nos.  42,  58),  are  learned,  as  is  undoubtedly 
no.  36  with  its  secret  writing.  The  Monster  riddles,  with  the 
exception  of  no.  3  2  which  is  doubtful,  are  among  those  already 
placed  in  the  learned  class. 

The  attempt,  on  the  other  hand,  to  assign  a  popular  origin 
to  certain  riddles  is  a  much  more  difficult  task  because,  as  has  been 
said,  of  the  possibility  or  probability  that  a  later  poet  may  have 
worked  over  an  early  folk  motive.  The  absence  of  lubricity  in 
Old  English  poetry  is  so  remarkable,  that  the  breach  of  the 
rule  in  the  double  enteridre  riddles  (nos.  25,  44,  45,  54,  61, 


31ntroOuction  xxxi 

62)  leads  me  to  attribute  to  them  a  folk  origin.  Where  a  simi- 
lar trait  appears  in  riddles  of  learned  origin,  as  in  nos.  42  and 
63,  it  is  confined  to  one  sentence  or  portion  of  the  whole  and  is 
much  less  gross.  Among  other  marks  of  folk  riddles  may  be  men- 
tioned: familiarity  of  the  object  described,  the  occurrence  of  ana- 
logous riddles  in  other  vernaculars,  a  certain  abrupt  pregnancy  of 
description,  shortness,  and,  generally,  absence  of  the  character- 
istic marks  of  the  learned  class.  On  one  or  more  of  these  grounds 
I  incline  to  class  as  popular  the  following  numbers:  4,  13,  14 
(Brandl  regards  the  ten  occurrences  of  hw'ilum  as  a  mark  of 
folk  origin),  21,  23,  27,  28  (note  the  frequent  rimes),  29,  33 
(but  there  are  Latin  parallels),  34,  46,  50,  52,  56,  57,  61, 
65,  68,  69,  71  (but  the  related  riddles,  12  and  38,  are 
Latin),  76,  86,  90. 

V.   Authorship 

The  bearing  of  the  last  section  on  the  question  of  authorship  is 
clear.  The  most  obvious  conclusion  is  that  the  collection  of  riddles 
partakes  of  the  nature  oi  the  Exeter  Book  itself,  and  is  a  riddle- 
album,  a  riddle-anthology.  This  is  the  impression  left  on  the 
mind  after  reading  through  the  collection  at  a  sitting:  they  are 
a  miscellaneous,  a  very  miscellaneous,  collection;  unity  of  au- 
thorship seems  impossible.  Cynewulf  may  have  written  some 
of  them,  for  example,  nos.  i,  2,  3,  and  40.  But  the  attribu- 
tion of  the  whole  collection  to  him  belongs  to  the  days  when 
he  was  regarded  as  the  only  begetter  of  the  whole  Codex  Ex- 
oniensis.  The  plain  fact  is  that  there  is  not  a  particle  of  evidence 
for  assigning  one  single  riddle  to  him  or  to  any  other  namable 
person. 

As  long  ago  as  1891  Sievers  urged  that  the  Riddles  belong 
to  an  earlier  date  than  that  of  Cynewulf  (^Anglia  xiii.  pp.   13- 


xxxii  31ntrotiuction 

2i).  Rid.  23  shows  the  change  of  final  b  into  f  in  its  first 
word,  a  change  that  took  place  about  the  same  time  as,  or  a 
little  earlier  than,  that  of  i  to  e,  which  latter  change  is  recorded 
completed  in  the  name  Cynewulf  as  handed  down  to  us  in  the 
runes  of  the  Ekne.  Yet  Rid.  23  must  have  been  composed 
before  the  change  of  b  to  f,  to  give  the  solution  *  boga.'  (In  my 
Notes  to  that  Riddle  I  have  suggested  that  the  change  may  have 
been  already  completed  before  the  riddle  was  composed.) 
Therefore  the  Riddles  are  earlier  than  Cynewulf.  This  conclu- 
sion Sievers  finds  to  be  confirmed  by  the  rune  spellings  of  nos. 
19  and  42.  His  argument  seems  to  me  partly  vitiated  by  the 
assumption  that  all  the  riddles  are  oi  the  same  date,  which  is  at 
the  least  doubtful.  But  his  conclusion  as  to  the  non-Cynewulfian 
authorship  has  been  accepted  and  confirmed  by  almost  all  later 
writers.  Bradley  says  (^Mod.  Lang.  Review y  Oct.  191 1): 
**The  arguments  of  Sievers  and  others,  though  not  fully  con- 
clusive, go  far  to  justify  the  provisional  belief  that  most  of  them 
are  not  his;  and  no  positive  grounds  of  any  value  have  yet  been 
adduced  in  favour  of  his  authorship  of  any  particular  piece  in  the 
collection."  With  this  conclusion  even  Prof.  Tupper  agreed 
in  his  edition  of  1 9 1  o.  *  *  In  Madert'  s  monograph  the  final  blow 
is  dealt  to  the  theory  of  Cynewulfian  authorship  of  the  Riddles.'*'* 
**  Hardly  anyone  now  believes  that  the  poet  had  aught  to  do 
with  these  problems'*  (see  pp.  lix.,  Ixiii.). 

See  also  the  section  on  *  The  quondam  First  Riddle.* 

VI.   Date 

The  Codex  Exoniensis  is  assigned  by  the  handwriting  to  the 
beginning  of  the  eleventh  century.  But  this  downward  limit  is 
admittedly  of  no  use,  for  by  general  agreement  the  Riddles  be- 


31ntroDuction  xxxiii 

long,  in  the  main,  to  the  great  period  of  OE.  poetry,  the  8th 
century.  The  folk  elements  are  no  doubt  earlier,  and  some  of 
the  folk  riddles  may  well  be.  But  for  most  of  the  riddles,  in  the 
form  in  which  they  have  come  down  to  us,  the  best  assignable 
date  is  the  8th  century.  This  does  not  preclude  the  possibility 
that  such  a  riddle  as  No.  66,  for  example,  and  a  few  of  the 
more  diffuse  and  of  the  religious  pieces  (such  as  no.  59),  may 
be  of  later  date.  It  will  have  been  seen,  in  the  section  on  Latin 
Riddles,  that  the  date  given  above  accords  perfectly  with  the 
proved  borrowing  of  the  riddlers  in  English  from  the  English 
riddlers  in  Latin. 

Attempts  have  been  made  to  assign  the  collection  to  the  first 
half  of  that  century.  Sievcrs  {^Anglia  xiii.)  says  that  the  change 
e  >  i  took  place  about  750  a.d.,  and  he  finds  in  some  riddles 
traces  of  an  earlier  orthography.  E.  Erlemann  (see  Notes  on 
Rid.  i)  argues  that  the  poet  certainly  used  Eusebius ;  that  the 
date  of  Eusebius  is  not  known  exactly,  but  he  made  use  of 
Tatwine's  collection,  which  dates  from  732;  that  Eusebius  was 
therefore  shortly  after  Tat  wine,  so  that  the  OE.  poet  must  be 
placed  about  732-740,  but  in  any  case  before  the  middle  of  the 
century. 

With  the  assumption  of  one  poet  and  a  necessarily  8th-cen- 
tury  collection  of  his  works  I  cannot  agree.  Just  as  the  Codex 
itself  is  a  collection,  so  I  think  it  must  be  regarded  as  a  possi- 
bility that  the  compiler  of  the  Codex,  whose  date  is  quite  uncer- 
tain, drew  from  more  than  one  smaller  collection  of  riddles. 
But  it  is  probable  that  the  great  majority  of  the  riddles  were  first 
written  down  in  the  great  century  of  OE.  poetry,  which  was 
also  that  of  our  riddlers  in  Latin,  with  the  exception  of  Aldhelm. 


xxxiv  3lntroDuction 

VII.   The  Solutions 

Tupper  calls  the  Riddles  **  certainly  the  most  difficult  text  in 
the  field  of  Anglo-Saxon."  Part  of  this  difficulty  is  due  to  the 
uncertainty  as  to  the  solution  of  particular  riddles  with  which 
the  editor  ought  to  approach  his  task  —  an  uncertainty  that 
should  have  diminished  before  he  leaves  it.  Uncertainty  as  to 
the  solution  often  makes  the  determination  of  the  true  text,  and 
thus  the  translation,  equally  uncertain.  For,  where  the  solution 
is  uncertain,  conjectural  emendation  is  almost  precluded,  because 
it  is  sure  to  be  inspired  by  a  favoured  and  not  proven  solution. 

I  have  endeavoured  in  this  edition  to  make  a  clear  distinction 
between  those  solutions  which  rest  upon  good  grounds  and  are 
tolerably  certain  —  as  when  there  is  distinct  similarity  to  a 
headed  Latin  riddle,  or  some  hint  in  runes  or  otherwise  —  and 
those  which  are  merely  suggested.  The  latter  need  not  be  ac- 
cepted by  the  student  ;  if  he  does  not  like  them  he  can  amuse 
himself  by  suggesting  others.  Some  riddles  {^e.g.  no.  4)  cer- 
tainly require  further  investigation.  Rather  than  to  put  forward 
solutions  with  all  the  solemnity  of  certitude,  only  to  withdraw 
them  later  in  favour  of  other  solutions  advanced  in  the  same 
way,  surely  it  is  better  for  the  present  to  confess  to  uncertainty. 
Trautmann  especially  errs  in  this  respect ;  he  fights  injudicially,  at 
times  furiously,  for  his  own  interpretation:  if  even  the  MS.  does 
not  accord  with  his  answer,  so  much  the  worse  for  the  MS., 
and  it  is  altered  accordingly. 

The  solution  of  each  riddle,  if  uncertain,  is  discussed  in  the 
first  note  on  each. 


3|ntrol>uction  xxxv 

VIII.   The  Gender  of  x  (  =  the  Unknown  Solution) 

Cosijn  (Paul  and  Braune's  Beitrage  xxxiii.  128-30)  says; 
*  The  poet  is  particularly  careful  to  respect  the  gender  of  the 
object  to  be  guessed.  Departures  from  this  rule  are  to  be  sus- 
pected ;  read  therefore  Zr/i'^r/?  in  237;  in  247  however  g/ado  doea 
not  refer  to  the  *  higora,'  but  to  zvi/it  in  1.  i."  Trautmann 
(^Bonner  Beitrage y  Heft  xix.  pp.  181,  187)  makes  and  re- 
peats a  similar  statement  :  **The  OE.  riddlers,  when  they  per- 
sonify Xy  respect  the  gender  very  carefully:  a  thing  whose  name 
is  masculine,  they  always  represent  as  a  man,  feminine,  as  a 
woman."  Accordingly,  the  solution  *  Burg  '  is  disqualified  by 
him  in  Rid.  i  7  because  of  the  masculine  word  mutidbora  in  1. 
I:  *'  mundbora  kann  also  nicht  das  weibliche  wort  burg  an- 
deuten." 

I  join  issue  with  these  doughty  champions  in  their  adoption 
of  such  an  extreme  postion.  Their  statements  are  true  of  Latin 
riddles  to  this  extent,  that  adjectives  referring  to  the  solution 
agree  with  it  in  gender.  For  example,  in  Symphosius  no.  34, 
Vulpcs,  we  read  : 

Sum  versuta  dolis,  arguto  callida  sensu. 

But  if  we  turn  to  the  OE.  riddles,  the  argument  is  pressed  fur- 
ther: Something,  unknown  to  the  audience  (and  therefore  of 
unknown  gender),  is  personified  by  the  'scop  '  ;  but  he  knows 
that  the  answer  is  a  word  of  feminine  gender,  therefore  he  will 
not  use  the  masculine  word  mundbora  to  describe  it.  No  facts 
are  adduced  in  support  of  this  theory:  where  the  text  is  not  in 
accord  with  it,  the  text  is  to  be  altered,  and  lengre  in  237  is 
at  once  ruled  out.  It  is  possible  that  glado  in  247  agrees  with 
wiht  in  24%  but  such  agreement  is  quite  abnormal.  With  re- 
gard to  mundbora,  it  is  worth  while  recalling  the  fact   that  in 


xxxvi  31ntroDuction 

Judith  127  the  heroine's  female  attendant  is  called  her 
*  foregenga '  (masculine).  Let  us  look  at  other  cases.  Traut- 
mann's  solution  of  Rid.  8  is  *  Bell,'  and  OE.  ^f//*?  is  feminine; 
yet  the  poet  calls  it  *  eald  Efensceop '  (masc. ).  In  374'5,  hit  and 
h~e  in  following  lines  apparently  both  refer  to  x  (OE.  blast- 
belg?  masculine).  In  Rid.  39,  the  pronouns  are  feminine 
throughout,  yet  by  far  the  best  solution  is  dag^  masculine  ;  but 
then  of  course  these  pronouns  can  all  be  made  to  refer  to  wiht 
in  11.  1  and  26!  In  Rid.  40  it  will  be  seen  that  the  gender  of 
the  adjectives  ** wobbles"  between  masculine  and  feminine  or 
neuter  :  cp.  bradre  (50)  with  widgielra  (51)  ;  leohtre  (76) 
and  hnescre  (80)  with  heardra  (78).  What  possible  solution 
can  explain  this?  In  Rid.  44,  Trautmann's  solution  (no  doubt 
the  correct  one,  I  think)  is  c^g,  feminine,  yet  it  is  apparently 
represented  by  the  pronoun  h~e  (1.  7).  Trautmann  says  nothing 
of  those  instances  in  which  x  is  neuter,  but  here  again  the  same 
discrepancy  of  gender  is  found.  His  solution  of  Rid.  50  (again, 
I  feel  sure,  the  correct  one)  is/)r,  neuter  ;  but  the  riddle  opens 
with  the  masculine  word  wiga :  if  mundbora  cannot  refer  to  a 
feminine  word,  can  wiga  refer  to  a  neuter  word  .?  Once  more, 
in  Rid.  33  the  unknown  is  his  (1.  5),  h-^re  sylfre  (8),  seo 
(12).  OE.  is  is  neuter;  what  word  of  feminine  gender  is  here 
referred  to  ? 

These  examples  seem  to  show  that  the  Old  English  riddlers 
were  not  minutely  careful  to  observe  the  gender  of  at,  any  more 
than  the  Old  English  poets  and  writers  in  general  were  scrupu- 
lously accurate  in  matters  of  grammar  and  syntax.  From  another 
point  of  view,  there  is  an  assignable  reason  for  these  changes 
of  gender:  theriddler's  process  of  accumulating  metaphors  forces 
a  change  as  he  views  the  wiht  in  turn  as  a  warrior,  a  woman, 
and  a  mere  object. 


3IntroOuction  xxxvii 

IX.   Style 

See  what  has  been  said  above  under  the  head  of  Classification. 
Here,  in  place  of  formal  literary  criticism,  I  offer  a  little  of  the 
<*  sign-post"  order.  To  my  thinking,  the  finest  riddles  of  all 
are  the  storms  at  the  beginning,  particularly  no.  3,  a  magnificent 
poem,  something  in  the  spirit  of  the  104th  Psalm.  This  poem 
alone  ought  to  save  the  collection  from  ever  being  forgotten.  No. 
8  (Nightingale)  will  be  a  general  favourite.  It  reminds  one 
of  some  of  Goethe's  little  poems,  in  that  it  is  impossible  to  ex- 
plain exactly  where  the  charm  hes.  No.  26  (Bible  or  Book) 
is  a  fine  bit  of  poetry.  The  ideas  may  not  be  quite  original,  but 
the  expression  of  them  is.  The  outburst  at  the  end,  on  the 
pleasures  and  advantages  to  be  gained  from  reading  books,  is  most 
inspiriting,  and  the  little  conceit,  of  the  pen  stepping  off  to  take 
a  drink  and  then  returning  to  continue  its  black  journey,  is  cap- 
ital. No.  60  (Reed)  is  similar  to  no.  8  in  its  evasive  charm.  It  is 
very  graceful  and  pleasing,  but  without  the  plaintive  fieriness 
of  the  **eald  iefensceop." 

Distinctly  in  the  second  rank,  but  very  interesting  neverthe- 
less, are  nos.  15  (Badger)  and  40  (Creation).  The  latter  is  a 
httle  overwrought;  it  is  as  if  the  poet  had  something  to  say 
greater  than  the  language  would  bear:  this  impression  is  explained 
when  the  English  is  compared  with  the  Latin  original.  All  the 
above  are  poems  rather  than  riddles;  there  is  no  attempt  to 
mystify  the  hearer  or  reader;  any  of  these  might  be  CynewulPs. 
But  the  whole  collection  does  not  bear  one  poetic  impress. 

Stopford  Brooke  {E,  E.  Literature  11.  186)  has  put  into 
better  words  than  mine  some  of  the  impressions  finally  left  on  my 
mind  by  a  prolonged  study  of  the  Old  Enghsh  riddles:  **The 
greater  number  of  them  escape  from  the  Latin  convention,  and 


xxxviii  31ntrotiuction 

are  as  English  in  matter  and  feeling  as  they  are  in  verse.  Even 
when  they  closely  follow  for  a  line  or  two  the  Latin  original,  the 
translation  takes  an  English  turn,  as  if  the  English  verse  and 
words  compelled  a  change  of  thought  and  sentiment.  Nor  is 
this  the  only  diiference.  The  writer  has  the  poetic  faculty  of 
which  his  models  are  destitute,  and  his  work  is  as  superior  to 
theirs  in  conception  of  each  subject,  in  impersonation  of  it,  and 
in  imagination,  as  Shakspere's  Hamlet  is  to  its  precursor.  Those 
who  state  that  these  riddles  are  merely  imitations  can  either  not 
have  read  them,  or,  having  read  them,  are  unable  to  distinguish 
between  what  is  poetry  and  what  is  not  poetry.  Their  excel- 
lence is  not  however  uniform.  Some  are  poor  and  meagre.  .  .  . 
Others  are  of  an  extraordinarily  fine  quality,  as,  for  example, 
those  on  the  storms  and  the  weapons  of  war." 

I  conclude  this  unorthodox  section  with  a  few  sentences  from 
a  letter  of  a  friend  whom  I  first  taught  to  read  Old  EngHsh  and 
then  set  to  read  the  Riddles.  **  One  thing  I  should  indeed  like, 
only  I  am  afraid  you  cannot  provide  it — if  the  old  poet  could 
awake  from  his  grave,  and  come  and  see  what  pleasure  he  can 
still  give  to  some  of  us  a  thousand  years  after  his  death!  My 
friends  often  laugh  at  me  for  liking  old-fashioned  books  —  it  is 
a  libel !  my  foremost  love  is  for  Wagner  —  but  I  do  hold  that  one 
of  the  noblest  pleasures  given  to  us  is  when  we  can  join  with 
one  who  is  far  removed  from  us,  in  nation,  in  habits,  in  time, 
and  feel  that  we  have  still  common  ground  ;  that  humanity  is 
the  same  through  all  the  centuries;  that  all  the  prophets  and 
poets  have  told  the  same  tale,  if  only  one  can  understand  it.  Nev- 
ertheless, our  riddles  are  very  unequal;  a  few  are  almost  child- 
ish. But  at  other  times,  when  the  singer  has  got  something  that 
inspires  him,  when  he  is  not  singing  for  pay  or  to  amuse  his 
audience,  how  beautifully  he  can  do  it!" 


Ci^e  Commonet;  angUan  mmreis 

{including  all  those  found  in  the  MS.  of  the  Riddles) 
Letter  Rune  Sound  Name 


A 

f^ 

ah 

ac  (oak) 

B 

^ 

b 

beorc  (birch) 

C 

h 

k 

cen  (torch) 

D 

M 

d 

dsg  (day) 

E 

M 

e(eo) 

eh,  eoh  (horse) 

F 

^ 

f,v 

feoh  (pecunia) 

G 

X 

g 

gifu  (gift) 

H 

IN 

h 

hsgel  (hail) 

I 

1 

i 

is  (ice) 

L 

h 

1 

lagu  (sea) 

M 

M 

m 

mann  (man) 

N 

4 

n 

nied  (need) 

O 

E 

o 

OS  (god) 

P 

P 

peor'S 

R 

.1^^ 

r 

rad  (riding) 

S 

H> 

s 

sigel  (sun) 

T 

^ 

t 

Tir,  TI 

Ttt 

V 

•8,1?  (thjdh)    )7orn  (thorn) 

U 

h 

u 

ur  (wild  ox) 

W 

f> 

w 

wynn  (joy) 

y 

Rl 

y 

yr 

JE 

1^ 

X 

assc  (ash-tree) 

EA 

r 

ea 

ear  (ground) 

EO 

z 

eo 

eoh  =  Iw  (yew) 

CE 

^ 

«,e 

e«el  (fatherland) 

mtrnt^ 


!•  Fol.  loia 

Hwylc  is  haele]?a       ]7aES  horse  ^  )7aes  hygecraeftig 
y^t  ]?aet  maege  asecgan,       hwa  mec  on  sl^  wraece  ? 
ponne  ic  astige       strong,  stundu;?/  rej?e, 
j^rymful  }7unie,       J^ragum  wraece 

5  fere  geond  foldan,       folcsalo  baerne, 
raeced  reafige,       recas  stlga-S 
haswe  ofer  hrofuw,       hlin  bi^  on  eor]7an, 
waelcwealm  wera.       ponne  ic  wudu  hrere, 
bearwas  bledhwate,       beamas  fylle 

oholme  gehrefed,       hea[h]u;72  meahtum 
wrecan  on  waj^e       wide  sended, 
haebbe  me  on  hrycge       ]>^t  ^r  hadas  wreah 
foldbOendra,       fl^sc  ^  gaestas 
somod  on  sunde.       Saga  hwa  mec  |?ecce, 

iSo)7)?e  hii  ic  hatte       J7e  J7a  hlaest  here. 

2. 

Hwllum  ic  gewite,       swa  ne  wena}?  men, 
under  y)7a  ge)7raec       eor)?an  secan, 

I  (GrfFz).      lo.    Mi  heanum. 
14.    Gr  sandc,  comparing  Genesis  2^,  ivhere  honvcver  the  context  is  entirely 
different. 


2  MiDDlesi 

garsecges  grund.       Gifen  hly  gewreged, 

,       fam  gewealcen  ; 

5hwaelmere  hlimme-S,       hlude  grimme^  ; 

streamas  staj^u  beata^,       stundum  weorpaj? 

on  stealc  hleo};a       stane  ^  sonde, 

ware  ^  w^ge,       ])onne  ic  winnende 

holmmaegne  bT)?eaht        hrusan  styrge, 
loslde  s^grundas.       Sundhelme  ne  maeg 

losian,  ^r  mec  l^te,       se  ];e  mm  latteow  bi"S 

on  sT)^a  gehwam.       Saga,  J7oncol  mon, 

hwa  mec  bregde       of  brimes  faej^mum 

^onne  streamas  eft       stille  weor);a'S, 
i5y)7a  ge)?w2Ere,       J;e  mec  2er  wrugon. 

3.  Fol.   lOlb 

Hwllum  mec  mm  Frea       faeste  genearwa'S 
sende^  'ponne       under  salwonge 
bearm  bradan       ^  on  bid  wrice-S, 
]7rafa-S  on  J>ystru;«       j^rymma  sumne, 
5haetst  on  enge,       ])2er  me  he[a]rd[e]  site-5 
hruse  on  hrycge  :       nah  ic    hwyrftweges 
of  ]?am  aglac  [e]  ,       ac  ic  e)7elstol 

2  {Gr  ff^  2)-      4-    E^^  proposed  flod  arSred  for  the  missing  half  line.    Cos 
reads  fzmge  wealcan  {^  foamy  nvanjes^^  comparing  Andreas  1^24. 

3  (Gr  JV  ^).       There  is  no  break  in  the  Ms  betiveen  this  riddle  and  the 
last,  and  hwilum  has  not  an  initial  capital. 

3.    Holt  "Sone  bradan  5  supported  by  S'v  on  metrical  grounds  and  probably 
correct. 

5.   Ms  heord. 
7.   Ms  aglaca. 


haele)?a  hrer[u]  ;       hornsalu  wagia"S, 
wera  wicstede  ;       weallas  beofia^ 

losteape  ofer  stiwitum.       Stille  J;ynce^ 
lyft  ofer  londe       ^  lagu  swTge, 
o]?j7aet  ic  of  enge       up  aj^ringe 
efne  swa  mec  wisa)?,       se  mec  wr^de  on 
aet  frumsceafte       fur|7um  legde, 

i5bende*;j  clomme,       ]}^t  ic  onbugan  ne  mot 
of  )>aES  gewealde,       ]7e  me  wegas  tScne^. 
Hwilum  ic  sceal  ufan       fpa.  wregan, 
[streamas]  styrgan,       ^  to  staj^e  |7ywan 
flintgraegne  flod  :       famig  winne^ 

aow^g  wi^  wealle  ;       wonn  arlse^ 
dun  ofer  dype,      hyre  deorc  on  last 
eare  geblonden       o]?er  fere^, 
J?aet  hy  gemitta^       mearclonde  neah 
hea  hlincas.       pser  bi^  hlud  wudu, 

25  brimgiesta  breahtm  ;       bida^  stille 
steak  stanhleo)?u       streamgewinnes, 
hopgehnastes,       ^onne  heah  gearing 
on  cleofu  crydej? :       ]?Sr  bi^  ceole  wen 
sll)?re  saecce,       gif  bine  s^  byre-S 

30  on  |;a  grimman  tid       gaesta  fulne, 
l^aet  he  scyle  rice       birofen  weor)7an, 
feore  bifohten       f^mig  ridan 
y)7a  hrycgum  :       )?aer  bi^  egsa  sum 

3    8.  Ms  hrera. 

18.   No  gap  in  Ms,  Th  streamas.      Ms  pyran,  Th  pywan. 


4  Kilitile0 

aeldum  geywed,       J>ara  |?e  ic  hyran  sceal 
35  strong  on  stl^weg.        Hwa  gestille'S  J>aet  ? 

HwTlum  ic  ]7urhr^se       ])^t  me  [rlde^  on  bsece], 

won  wiegfatu,       wide  to]?ringe  Fol.  loa^ 

lagustreama  full,       hwilum  l^te  eft 

slupan  tosomne.       Se  biS  swega  m^st, 
4obreahtma  ofer  burgum,       "j  gebreca  hludast, 

]>onne  scearp  cyme^       sceo  wi)?  6];rum, 

ecg  wi^  ecge  ;       earpan  gesceafte 

fus  ofer  folcuw       fyre  swseta'S, 

blacan  iTge,       "^  gebrecu  fera^ 
45deorc  ofer  dr[yh]  turn       gedyne  micle, 

fara^  feohtende,      feallan  laeta^ 

sweart  sumsendu       seaw  of  bosme, 

w^tan  of  wombe.       Winnende  fare"(S 

atol  eored|7reat,       egsa  astlgcS, 
Somicel  mod]?rea       monna  cynne, 

brogan  on  burgum,       yonne  blace  scotia^ 

scrT]?ende  scTn       scearpum  waepnum. 

Dol  him  ne  ondr^de^       "Sa  dea^speru  ; 

swylte"S  hwae]?re,       gif  him  so^  Meotud 
55  on  geryhtu       ]?urh  regn  ufan 

of  gestune  l^te-S       straele  fleogan, 

farende  flan  ;       fea  ]>t^t  gedyga^, 

)?ara  J^e  gersce^       rynegiestes  wspen. 

336.    AIs  on  bzece  ride's.    T/ie   change  brings  the  alliterati've  syllable  into 
place  and  the  line  scans  better. 

45.   Aft  dreontum  J  T^  drcohtum  (dryhtum). 


Ic  )?£es  orleges       or  anstelle, 
6of>on«/?  gewlte       wolceiigehnaste 

J7urh  ge)?raec  J^ringan       )7rimme  micle 

ofer  byrnan  bosm  ;       bierste'S  hlude 

heah  hlo^gecrod  ;       ]}onne  hnlge  eft 

under  lyfte  helm       londe  near, 
65*3  me  [on]  hrycg  hlade       J?aet  ic  habban  sceal 

meahtum  gemanad       mines  Frean. 

Swa  ic,  )7rymful  )?eow,       )7ragum  winne ; 

hwTlu;w  under  eor}?an  ;       hwilum  y]?a  sceal 

heah  underhnlgan  ;       hwTlum  holm  ufan, 
7oStreamas,  styrge;       hwllu//z  stige  up, 

wolcnfare  wrege,       wide  fere 

swift  ^  swI}>feorm.       Saga  hwaet  ic  hatte,  Fol.  102b 

o]7)7e  hwa  mec  r^re       ]?on«^  ic  restan  ne  mot, 

o)?]?e  hwa  mec  stae^|7e       );onne  ic  stille  beom. 

4- 
Ic  sceal  j^ragbysig       );egne  minum 
hringan  haefted       hyran  georne, 
min  bed  brecan,       breahtme  cy|7an 
]?aet  me  halswri)7an       hlaford  sealde. 
50  ft  mec  sl^pwerigne       secg  o^|?e  meowle 
gretan  code ;       ic  him  gromheortum 
winterceald  oncwe);e  :       "Wearm  lim 
gebundenne  b[ea]g       [berste^  hwilum]." 

3   65.    No  gap  in  Ms  ;  Gr'5  emendation. 

4.  {Gr  fV  5).  8.  Ms  bzeg  hwilum  berste'5.  Gr  bersteS  hwilum ^or Ms 
alliteration.  This  is  the  only  one^  of  se-veral  such  half-lines^  ivhich  Gr  trans- 
poses y    I  ha've  transposed  them  all. 


6  mmts 

Se)7eah  bi);  on  |7once       J^egne  mlnum, 
lomedwisum  men,       me  ]y^t  sylfe, 
)72er  wiht  wite,       ^  wordum  mln 
on  sped  maege       spel  gesecgan. 

5- 

Ic  eom  anhaga       Iserne  wund, 
bille  gebennad,       beadoweorca  saed, 
ecgum  werig.      Oft  ic  wig  seo, 
frecne  feohtan  ;       frofre  ne  wene, 
5)7^/  me  geoc  cyme       gu^gewinnes, 
ser  ic  mid  aeldum       eal  forwurde ; 
ac  mec  hnossia^       homera  lafe 
heardecg,  heoroscearp,       hondweorc  smij7a 
bItaS  in  burguw  ;       ic  a  bidan  sceal 
iola)?ran  gemotes.       N^fre  l^cecynn 
on  folcstede       findan  meahte, 
)7ara  ]?e  mid  wyrtum       wunde  geh^lde  ; 
ac  me  ecga  dolg       eacen  weor^a"S 
J7urh  dea^slege       dagum  ^  nihtum. 

6. 

Mec  gesette  s5^       sigora  Waldend, 
Crist,  to  compe.       Oft  ic  cwice  baerne, 

^  {Gr  IV  6).     5.   Mi  mec. 
6.  Ett  forwurde. 

8.  Ms  -jweorc. 

9.  Ms  abidan,  ivhich  may  be  right. 

6  {Gr  fV  j).  At  the  head  of  this  riddle  and  again  at  the  close  stands  in 
the  Ms  the  rune  for  5,  the  name  of  ivhich  is  Sigel  =  the  sun,  ivhich  is  doubt- 
less the  correct  solution.     See  sheet  of  figures. 


unrimu  cyn       eor)7an  getenge, 

n^te  mid  nij^e,  svva  ic  him  no  hrlne, 
^lf>onne  mec  mln  Frea       feohtan  hate}>. 

Hwllum  ic  monigra       mod  arete  ; 

hwllum  ic  [well   frefre,       )?§  ic  ^r  winne  on       Fol.  103a 

feorran  swij^e  :       hi  )?aes  fela^  )?eah, 

swylce  [)aes  o)?res,  J>onne  ic  eft  hyra 
:oofer  deop  gedreag       drohta^  bet[e]. 

7- 
Hraegl  min  swigaS,       '\>onne  ic  hrusan  trede 
o)7]7e  )7a  wic  huge       o)?)7e  wado  drefe. 
Hwllum  mec  ahebbaS       ofer  haslej^a  byht 
hyrste  mine       ^  j^eos  hea  lyft, 
5*^  mec  ]>oi\ne  wide       wolcna  strengu 
ofer  folc  byre^ ;       fraetwe  mine 
sw5ga^  hlude       ^  swinsia^, 
torhte  singa^,       ])onne  ic  getenge  ne  beom 
flode  ^  foldan,       ferende  gSst. 

8. 

Ic  )?urh  mQ|?  sprece       mongum  reordum, 
wrencum  singe,       wrixle  geneahhe 
heafodw6];e,       hlude  cirme, 
healde  mine  wisan,       hleo]?re  ne  ml|7e. 

6   7.    Gr  inserted  wc\  for  the  alliteration. 

10.   Mi  betan. 
8  {^Gr  TV  ()).      O'ver  this  riddle  stands  the  rune  for  C  (see  Introduction"^, 
hut  it  does  not  seem  to  help  us  to  the  solution.     See  sheet  of  figures. 


8  Mitilile0 

sEald  ^fensceop,       eorlum  bringe 
blisse  in  burgum ;       ])onne  ic  bugendre 
stefne  styrme,       stille  on  wicum 
sit  [ta]  S  [h]  nigende.       Saga  hwaet  ic  hatte, 
)?[e]  swa  scire  [c]Tge,       sceawendwisan 

lohlude  onhyrge,       haele]?um  bodige 
wilcumena  fela       w6J7e  minre. 


Mec  on  l^issum  ds-gum       deadne  ofgeafu[n] 

faeder  ^  modor ;       ne  waes  me  feorh  ]7a  gen, 

ealdor  in  innan.       pa  mec  [an]  ongon 

wel  hold  me       gewedum  [)?]eccan, 
5heold  ^  freo]7ode,       hleosceorpe  wrah 

s[w]e  arlice       swa  hire  agen  beam, 

o)7);3et  ic  under  sceate,       swa  mln  gesceapu  wSron, 

ungesibbum  wearS       eacen  g^ste. 

Mec  seo  fri]?emieg       fedde  sij^j^an, 
ioo])|7aet  ic  aweox,       wTddor  meahte 

sr)7as  asettan  ;       heo  haefde  sw^sra  ])y  l^s  Fol.  103b 

suna  ^  dohtra,       J^y  heo  swa  dyde. 

8   8.    Ms  site's  nigende.      Gr  hnigende,      Ett  [and  Cos)  swigende. 
9.  Ms  pa  swa  scire  nige.      TA  pe.      To  cige.      TAe  retention  o/'nigende= 
listening,  and  sw3.  scire  nige  =  so  keenly  listen,  is  tempting,  but  the  word  is  found 
noiohere  else,  and  is  unlikely  to  occur  in  tivo  folloiving  lines. 

g   {Gr  fV  10).      I.   Ms.  ofgeafum. 

3.  Gr'j  emendation. 

4.  Ms  weccan. 
6.   Ms  snearlice. 


KiDDlesf 


10. 

Neb  waes  min  on  nearwe,       ^  ic  neo|7an  wactre, 
flode,  underflowen,       firgenstreamum 
swl)?e  besuncen  ;       ^  on  sunde  awox 
ufan  y[?uw  ]?eaht,       anum  getenge 
5  lTJ?endum  wuda       lice  mine  ; 
haefde  feorh  cwico,       ]7a  ic  of  tae^mum  cwom 
brimes  ^  beames       on  blacum  hraegl  [e]  . 

;    Sume  w^ron  hwlte       hyrste  mine, 
)7a  mec  lifgende       lyft  upp  ahof, 

i^owind  of  wsege  ;       si}?]7an  wide  basr 
ofer  seolhba)7o.       Saga  hwaet  ic  hatte. 

II. 

:    Hraegl  is  mIn  hasofag;       hyrste  beorhte, 

reade  ^  scire,       on  reafe  [hafu] . 

Ic  dysge  dwelle,       ^  dole  hwette 

[on]  unr^dsl)?as  ;       oj^rum  styre 
;  snyttre  fore.       Ic  )?aes  nowiht  wat, 

])^t  heo  swa  gemsedde,       mode  bestolene, 
'    d^ede  gedwolene,       deora]?  mine 

won  wisan  gehwam.       Wa  him  |;aes  );eawes, 
:    si];[7an  Heah  bringeS       horda  deorast, 
logif  hi  unrsedes       aer  ne  geswica)?. 

10  {Gr  ff^  1 1).      J.    Tr  bea[r]me3.      Ms  hraegl. 

11  [Gr  fV  iz).      2.    Tr' 5  emendation.    Crr  minum. 
4.    Herz  i  emendation.    See  note. 


10  HiDHlefi? 


12. 

Fotum  ic  fere,       foldan  slite, 

grene  wongas,       ];enden  ic  g^st  here. 

Gif  me  feorh  losa-S,       faeste  binde 

swearte  Wealas,       hwllum  sellan  men. 
5  Hwllum  ic  deorum       drincan  selle 

beorn  [e]  of  bosme  ;       hwllum  mec  bryd  triede^ 

felawlonc  fotum.       Hwllum  feorran  broht, 

wonfeax  Wale       wege-S  ^  J^y^, 

dol  druncmennen,       deorcum  nihtu/Tz, 
low^te^  in  w^tre,       wyrme^  hwllum 

f^gre  to  fyre ;       me  on  fae^me  stica)? 

hygegalan  hond  ;       hwyrfe^  geneahhe, 

swlfe^  me  geond  sweartne.      Saga  hwaet  ic  hatte,  Fol.  104a 

)7e  ic  lifgende       lond  reafige, 
15*^  aefter  dea)?e       dryhtum  j^eowige. 

Ic  seah  turf  tredan;       X  w^ron  ealra, 
VI  gebroj^or       "j  hyra  sweostor  mid ; 
haefdon  feorg  cwico.       Fell  hongedon 
sweotol  ^  gesyne       on  seles  w^ge 
5anra  gehwylces.        Ne  waes  hyra  snguw  j^y  wyrs, 
ne  side  )?y  sarre,       J^eah  hy  swa  sceoldon 
reafe  birofene,       rodra  Weardes 

12  {Gr  W  13).      6.    Mi  beorn. 

13  {Gr  W  14).     See  sheet  of  figures.      6.   M.%  sarra. 


MiUDles;  1 1 

meahtum  aweahte,       mu)?um  slitan 
hasvve  blede.       Hraegl  biS  genlwad 
io|?am  |7e  ^r  forScymene       fraetwe  leton 
licgan  on  laste,       gewitan  lond  tredan. 

14. 

Ic  waes  w^penwiga ;    '  nu  mec  wlonc  );ece^ 

geong  hagostealdmon       golde  ^  sylfore, 

woum  wlrbogum.       Hwllum  weras  cyssa"S  ; 

hwilum  ic  to  hilde       hleo|?re  bonne 
5wilgehle]7an  ;       hwTlum  wycg  byre)? 

mec  ofer  mearce,       hwllu;w  merehengest 

fere^  ofer  flodas       fraetwum  beorhtne  ; 

hwllu;w  maeg^a  sum       mlnne  gefylle^ 

bosm  beaghroden  ;       hwllum  ic  bordum  sceal, 
10  heard,  heafodleas,       behly)7ed  licgan  ; 

hwiluw  hongige       hyrstum  fraetwed, 

wlitig,  on  wage,        ]>2Ev  weras  drinca^ ; 

freolic  fyrdsceorp        hwilu;«  folcwigan 

wicge  wcgaS       (]>on?te  ic  winde  sceal 
issincfag  swelgan       of  sumes  bosme); 

hwiluw  ic  gereordum       rincas  la^ige 

wlonce  to  wine  ;       hwllu;/z  wra)?um  sceal 

stefne  minre       forstolen  hreddan, 

flyman  feondscea)7an.       Frige  hwaet  ic  hatte. 

14  {Gr  TV  If,).     See  sheet  of  figures.      17.   Mj  wrafjjum. 


12  HiDDles 

15. 

Hals  is  mm  hwit       ^  heafod  fealo,  Fol.  104b 

sidan  swa  some ;       swift  ic  eom  on  fe)7e ; 

beadow^epen  here ;       me  on  basce  standa"S  her, 

swylce  sue  on  [hjleorum;       hllfia-S  tu 
5  earan  ofer  eagum  ;       ordum  ic  steppe 

in  grene  graes.       Me  bi^  gyrn  witod, 

gif  mec  onhsele       an  onfinde"S 

waelgrim  wiga,       ])2Br  ic  wic  buge, 

b  [ol]  d  mid  bearnum  ;       ^  ic  bide  ]?^r 
10  mid  geogu^cnosle,       hwonne  gaest  cume 

to  durum  rninum.       Him  bi]?  dea^  witod; 

for)?on  ic  sceal  of  e^le       eaforan  mine 

forhtmod  fergan,       fleame  nergan  : 

gif  he  me  aefterweard       ealles  weor]7e^, 
ishine  bera^  breost.       Ic  his  bidan  ne  dear 

re]7es  on  geruman       (nele  j^aet  rsed  teal  [a]  ), 

ac  ic  sceal  fromlTce       fej7emundu;w 

)7urh  steapne  beorg       str^te  wyrcan. 

Ea)7e  ic  maeg  freora       feorh  genergan, 
2ogif  ic  m^gburge  mot       mine  gelsdan 

on  degolne  weg       );urh  du[ne]  ]7yrel 

15  (  Gr  /iT"  16).      4.   Ms  swylce  sweon  leorum.    See  note. 
6.    AIs  grenne. 
9.    AIs  blod.    T/i's  emendation. 

15.  Her-zhvto%thtx2uS,  to  the  great  impro'vement  of  the  metre.      Mt  biddan. 

16.  Ms  teale. 

21.    Ms  dum.    Gr'i  emendation. 


swsEse  ^  gesibbe ;       ic  me  si)?|;an  ne  jjearf 
w^lhwelpes  wig       wiht  onsittan. 
Gif  [s]e  ni^sceajja       nearwe  stige 
15  me  on  swa)7e  sece)?,       ne  tosselej?  him 
on  )7am  gegnpaj^e       gu]?gem6tes, 
si)7)?an  ic  )?urh  hylles       hrof  gersece 
"J  )?urh  best  hrino       hildepTlum 
la^gewinnum,       J?am  )?e  ic  longe  fleah. 

16. 

Oft  ic  sceal  wi|7  w^ege  winnan       ^  wi]>  winde  feohtan; 

somod  wi^  ])3.m  saecce,       ])onne  ic  secan  gewlte 

eor)7an  y]>um  )?eaht :       me  bi)?  se  ej^el  fremde. 

Ic  beom  strong  ]7aes  gewinnes,  gif  ic  stille  weor)?e ;   ^ol. 
5  gif  me  )?aes  tos^le^,       hi  beo^  swTj^ran  ]}onne  ic        '°^ 

^  mec  slTtende       sona  flyma^  ; 

willa-S  o)7fergan       )7aet  ic  fri)?ian  sceal. 

Ic  him  ])at  forstonde,       gif  min  steort  jjola'S 

•;)  mec  stT}7ne  wi)?       stanas  moton 
lofaeste  gehabban.       Frige  hwaet  ic  hatte. 

17- 
Ic  eom  mundbora       minre  heorde, 
eodorwirum  faest,       innan  gefylled 

16  24.    Ms  gifre.    T/i^s  emendation. 
j  29.    Zu  laSgewinnan,  which  is  more  consistent  with  II.   10^  /J",  ^J,  24^ 

\      and  may  ivell  be  the  true  reading. 

ly  {Gr  fF  li).      Over  this  riddle  stands  the  rune  for  B  [see  Introduction) , 
and  o-ver  that  ivhat  appears  to  be  the  rune  for  L.     See  sheet  of  figures. 


14  HiDDles; 

dryhtgestreona.       Daegtidum  oft 
sp^te  sperebrogan  ;       sped  bi);  py  mare 
5  fylle  minre  ;       fre  [a]  J^aet  bihealde'S, 
hu  me  of  hrife  fleoga^       hyldepilas. 
Hvvllum  ic  sweartum      swelgan  onginne 
brunum  beadow^pnum,       bitrum  ordum, 
eglum  attorsperum.       Is  min  inna^  til, 
lowombhord  wlitig,       wloncuw  deore. 
Men  gemunan       J7aet  me  J^urh  mu)?  farcS. 

i8. 

Ic  com  wunderlicu  wiht :       ne  maeg  word  sprecan, 
maeldan  for  monnum,       j?eah  ic  muj?  haebbe, 

wide  wombe 

Ic  waes  on  ceole       ^  mines  cnosles  ma. 

19. 

Ic  seah  [swoncorne]    '  J^  *  *  R  *  •  |^  - 

•  1^  •  hygewloncne,       hgafodbeorhtne, 
swi  [f  ]  tne  ofer  sselwong       swl]7e  J^rsegan  ; 
haefde  him  on  hrycge       hilde)7ryj?e. 

17  5.    Ms  freo. 

iS  {Gr  fV  l^).  3,4.  There  is  no  gap  in  the  Ms  after  wombe.  Probably 
nve  ha've  here  only  a  fragment  of  a  longer  riddle.  After  ma  stands  the  sign  that 
usually  indicates  the  end  of  a  riddle. 

ig  [Gr  W  20).       The  rune$  in  this  riddle  have  the  foil otving  -values  :  11. 
/,  2,  SROH  =  (backwards)  hors  5    /.  5,  NOM  =mon  ;   /.  6,  AGEW  = 
aweg  (^);  //.  7,  <?,  COFOAH  =  haofoc  =  hafoc. 
I.    Gr  supplied  somod  (  =  together)  after  seah. 
^   Ms  swistne  ^  Th^s  correction. 


5*  ^s  •   '  p  *  *  M  '       naegled  ne  rad; 
•p?'   'X'   *M*   '  ^  '       widlast  ferede 

rynestrong  on  rade       rofne  *   K   *   '  f^  ' 

.p.   .p.   'p-   •^'       For  waes  ])y  beorhtre, 

swylcra  slj^faet.       Saga  hwaet  ic  hatte. 

20. 

Ic  eom  wunderllcu  wiht,       on  gewin  sceapen, 
frean  minuw  leof,       fsegre  gegyrwed.  Fol.  105b 

Byrne  is  min  bleofag;       swylce  beorht  seomap] 
wir  ymb  j?one  waelgim,       pe  me  waldend  geaf, 
5se  me  widgalum       wisa^  hwllum 
sylfum  to  sace,      ]>onne  ic  sine  wege 
]7urh  hlutterne  daeg,       hondweorc  smij^a, 
gold  ofer  geardas.       Oft  ic  gsestberend 
cwelle  compw^pnuw.      Cyning  mec  gyrwe^ 

10  since  ^  seolfre,       ^  mec  on  sele  weorjia^  ; 
ne  wyrne^  word  lofes,       wTsan  maeneS 
mine  for  mengo,       ]>2er  hy  meodu  drinca^ ; 
healde^  mec  on  heaj^ore,       hwllum  Isete^  eft 
radwerigne       on  gerum  sceacan 

isorlegfromne.       Oft  ic  6)7rum  scod 
frecne  aet  his  freonde ;       fah  eom  ic  wide, 
waepnum  awyrged.       Ic  me  wenan  ne  ]?earf 
]?aEt  me  beam  wraece       on  bonan  feore, 

19  5.    TAe  Ms  has  quite  clearly  naegled  ne  in  tivo  'words. 

5,6.    Th  proposed  rad-NGEW  =  rad-wegn  =  rad-wjegn,  riding-wagon. 
See  note. 

20  (Gr  fV  zi).      3.   Mj  seomad. 


1 6  Hititilrsf 

gif  me  gromra  hwylc       gu)^e  gensege-S ; 
20 ne  weor]7e^  sTo  m^gburg       gemicledu 

eaforan  mlnum,       )7e  ic  aefter  woe, 

nym)?e  ic  hlafordleas       hweorfan  mote 

from  ]?a/72  healdende,       ]?e  me  hringas  geaf. 

Me  bi^  forS  witod,       gif  ic  frean  hyre, 
25guj7e  fremme,       swa  ic  glen  dyde 

mmum  );eodne  on  )7onc,       ];aet  ic  ]7olian  sceal 

bearngestreona ;       ic  wi)?  bryde  ne  mot 

h^med  habban  ;       ac  me  ]?aes  hyhtplegan 

geno  wyrne^,       se  mec  gear  [a]  on 
3obende  legde :       for]7on  ic  brucan  sceal 

on  hagostealde       haele]?a  gestreona. 

Oft  ic  wirum  dol       wife  abelge, 

wonie  hyre  willan  ;       heo  me  wom  sprece^, 

floce^  hyre  folmum,       firena);  mec  wordum, 
35ung6d  gaele^  ;    .  ic  ne  gyme  )?aes  compes. 

21. 

Neb  is  mln  ni}7erweard  ;       neol  ic  fere  Fol.  io6a 

^  be  grunde  graefe,       geonge  swa  me  wlsa^ 
har  holtes  feond ;       ^  hlaford  mln 
[on]  w5h  faere^,       weard,  aet  steorte, 
5wriga)?  on  wonge,       wege"S  mec  ^  f'y^, 
sawe|7  on  swaeS  mln.       Ic  snyj^ige  forS 

20  29.    Ms gearo  ( =  altogether).  B  To" i  suggestion  gearo  =  geara,  impro'vet 
both  sense  and  metre, 

3  5 .    There  is  nothing  in  the  Ms  to  indicate  any  lacuna  here. 

21  {Gr  py  zx),      4,    S-v^s  emendation. 


KitiDled  17 

brungen  of  bear[w]e,       bunden  craefte, 

wegen  on  wasgne ;       haebbe  wundra  fela. 

Me  bij?  gongendre       grene  on  healfe, 
lo*;)  min  swaeS  sweotol       sweart  on  o);re. 

Me  ];urh  hrycg  wrecen       honga)?  under 

an  or)?onc  pil,       oj^er  on  heafde 

faest  ^  for^weard       fealle)?  on  sidan, 

])at  ic  to)7um  tere,       gif  me  teala  J^ena); 
ishindeweardre       )?aEt  bi)?  hlaford  min. 

22. 

^tsomne  cwom       LX  monna 

to  W2egstae]?e       wicgum  ridan  ; 

haefdon  XI       eoredmaecgas 

frldhengestas,       IIII  sceamas. 
sNe  meahton  magorincas       ofer  mere  feolan, 

swa  hi  fundedon  j       ac  waes  flod  to  deop, 

atol  y);a  ge)?raec,       ofras  hea, 

streamas  stronge.       Ongunnon  stigan  j^a 

on  waegn  weras,      "j  hyra  wicg  somod 
lohlodan  under  hrunge.       pa  'pa.  hors  o^baer, 

eh  ^  eorlas       aescum  dealle, 

ofer  waetres  byht       waegn  to  lande  : 

swa  hine  oxa  ne  teah,       ne  esna  maegen, 

ne  fset  hengest,       ne  on  flode  swom, 
15  ne  be  grunde  wod       gestum  under, 

21  7.   Ms  bearme. 

22  {Gr  fV  z-i,).      4.    Th  fyrd-hengestas  (=  war-Aorses). 


1 8  MiUUle0 

ne  lagu  drefde,       ne  o[n]  lyfte  fleag, 
ne  [u]  nder  baec  cyrde  ;       brohte  hwae)7re 
beornas  ofer  burnan       ^  hyra  bloncan  mid 
from  staeSe  heaum,       ]?aet  hy  stopan  up 
20  on  6)7erne       ellenrofe  Fol.  io6b 

weras  of  wzege       ^  hyra  wicg  gesun-d. 

Agof  is  min  noma       eft  onhwyrfed. 

Ic  eom  wrsetlic  wiht       on  gewin  sceapen. 

ponne  ic  onbuge,       ^  me  of  bosme  fare^ 

aetren  onga,       ic  beom  eallgearo 
5]7aet  ic  me  ])at  feorhbealo       feor  aswape. 

Si)?j7an  me  se  waldend,       se  me  pxt  wite  gescop, 

leo);o  forlsete^,       ic  beo  lengre  ])onne  2er, 

o]7)7aet  ic  sp^te       spilde  geblonden, 

ealfelo  attor,       )7aet  ic  ser  geap. 
loNe  togonge-S  J^aes       gumena  hwylcum 

ienigum  ea)7e,       j^aet  ic  J^aer  ymb  sprice, 

gif  hine  hrine^       ])at  me  of  hrife  fleoge-S, 

f>aEt  ];one  mandrinc       maegne  geceapaj?, 

full  wer  faeste       feore  sine. 
i5Nelle  ic  unbunden        ^enigum  hyran, 

nym)7e  searos^el&d.       Saga  hwaet  ic  hatte. 

22  1 6.    AIs  of. 
I  J.   Ms  onder. 

23  {Gr  W  24).      7.    Coi  luould  read  lengra  to  agree  with  the  gender  of 
the  solution  boga. 

g.    S'v  proposes  xror  for  aer,  _/or  the  metre. 


UtDDle^  19 

24. 

Ic  eom  wunderllcu  wiht ;       wraesne  mine  stefne : 
hwllum  beorce  swa  hund,       hwiluw  bl^te  swa  gat, 
hwllum  gr^de  swa  gos,       hwllu;?!  gielle  swa  hafoc ; 
hwTluw  ic  onhyrge       J?one  haswan  earn, 
5gu^fugles  hleo)?or;       hwllum  glidan  reorde 
mu|7e  gemEene,       hwllum  m^ewes  song, 
)7£er  ic  glado  sitte.       •  J(  •  mec  nemna^, 
swylce  •  P  •  'J  *  R  * ;   '  f^  '  fulleste-S 
*  H  *  1  *  I  *•       ^^  ^^  haten  eom 
10  swa  )?a  siex  stafas       sweotule  becna]?. 

25- 

Ic  eom  wunderlicu  wiht,       wifum  on  hyhte, 
neahbuendu/77  nyt ;       n^ngum  sce);]7e 
burgsittendra,       nym);e  bonan  anum. 
Sta)7ol  mln  is  steap,       heah  stonde  ic  on  bedde, 
5neo]7an  ruh,  nathwser.       Ne)?e-S  hwllum 
ful  cyrtenu       ceorles  dohtor,  Fol.  107* 

modwlonc  meowle,       ])cet  heo  on  mec  grlpe-S, 
rsese^  mec  on  reodne,       reafa^  min  heafod, 
fege^  mec  on  faesten  ;       felej?  sona 
10  mines  gemotes       se[o]  J^e  mec  nearwa^S, 
wif  wundenlocc  :       w^t  bi^  );aet  cage. 

24  {Gr  W  25).      7-9.    Tht  runes  stand  respectively  for  GAROHI  = 
higora.    See  note. 

25  {Gr  ff^zO).    4.    Holt/iausen  stezp-hezh  on  metrical  grounds.    lo.    Ms 


20  HiUUlfflf 


26. 


Mec  feonda  sum       feore  besnyj7ede, 
woruldstrenga  bino/w,       wStte  si);)7an, 
dyfde  on  waetre,       dyde  eft  |7onan, 
sette  on  sunnan,       )7Sr  ic  swi)?e  beleas 
5herum  )?am  'pe  ic  haefde.       Heard  mec  sij;);an 
snaS  seaxes  ecg       sindrum  begrunden, 
fingras  feoldan  ;       ^  mec  fugles  wyn 
geond  speddropum       spyrede  geneahhe 
ofer  brunne  brerd,       beamtelge  swealg, 

lostreames  d^le,       stop  eft  on  mec, 
sT]?ade  sweartlast.       Mec  si)7);an  wrah 
haeleS  hieobordum,       hy[d]e  bej^enede, 
gierede  mec  mid  golde ;       for])on  me  gllwedon 
wrsetlic  weorc  smij^a       wire  bifongen. 

15  Nu  ]?a  gereno       ^  se  reada  telg 
^  ]7a  wuldorgesteald       wide  m2ere[n] 
dryhtfolca  Helm  !       nales  dol  wite  ! 
Gif  min  beam  wera       brucan  willa"S, 
hy  beo^  ]?y  gesundran       ^  ];y  sigefaestran, 

2oheortum  py  hwaetran,       ^  ])y  hygebl!))ran, 
fer);e  );y  frodran;       habba)?  freonda  ])y  ma 
sw^sra  ^  gesibbra,       so);ra  ^  godra, 
tilra  "j  getreowra,       ];a  hyra  tyr  ^  ead 

26  {Gr  fV  X'j).      6.    Ms  seaxsesecge. 
8.    Gr  geond [sprengde]  z=z  sprinkled. 
12.   Ms  hype. 
16.  Ms  mxre. 


estum  yca^,       -^  hy  arstafum, 
25lissum,  bllecga^,       ^  hi  lufan  fae|?mum 
faeste  clyppa^.       Frige  hwaet  ic  hatte, 
ni)7um  to  nytte.       Nama  min  is  m^Ere, 
haele]7um  gifre,       ^  halig  sylf.  Fol.  107b 

27- 

Ic  eom  weor^  werum,       wide  funden, 

brungen  of  bearwum       ^  of  burghleo|;u/w, 

of  denum  ^  of  dunum.       Daeges  mec  w^gun 

fe)7re  on  lifte,       feredon  mid  liste 
5  under  hrofes  hleo.       Haele^  mec  sij^j^an 

ba)7edan  in  bydene.       Nu  ic  eom  bindere 

^  swingere,       sona  weorpere  ; 

efne  to  eor|;an       hwllum  ealdne  ceorl. 

Sona  ]}^t  onfinde-S,       se  J^e  mec  feh^  ongean 
lo*;)  wi^  maegen)?isan       mlnre  gen^ste^, 

^aet  he  hrycge  sceal       hrusan  secan, 

gif  he  unrjedes       aer  ne  geswlce^  ; 

strengo  bistolen,       strong  on  sprsece, 

masgene  binumen,       nah  his  modes  geweald, 
i5fota  ne  folma.       Frige  hwaet  ic  hatte, 

"Se  on  eorj;an  swa       esnas  binde 

dole  aefter  dyntum       be  daeges  leohte. 

27  {Gr  W  28).      2.    Th  suggested  beorghleopum  {mountain-slopes^. 
15.    After  hatte  in  the  Ms  is  a  sign  such  as  generally  indicates  the  end  of 
a  riddle.      The  remainder  of  the  riddle  begins  on  the  same  line,  but  after  an 
interval  and  tvith  an  initial  capital.      See  sheet  of  figures. 


22  HtDOlrs; 


28. 

Bi)7  foldan  d^l       f^gre  gegierwed 
mid  )7y  heardestan       -^  mid  py  scearpestan 
-J  mid  ])y  grymmestan       gumena  gestreona. 
Corfen,  sworfen,       cyrred,  )?yrred, 
sbunden,  wunden,       bl^ced,  wseced, 
fraetwed,  geatwed,       feorran  l^ded 
to  durum  dryhta,       dream  bi-S  in  innan 
cwicra  wihta.      Clenge^  lenge^ 
)>ara  J^e  ^r  lifgende       longe  hwlle 
lowilna  bruce^,       ^  no  wi^  sprice^  ; 
*;)  \>onne  aefter  dea)7e       deman  onginne^, 
meldan  misllce.       Micel  is  to  hycganne 
wisfaestum  menn,       hwaet  seo  wiht  sy. 

29. 

Ic  wiht  geseah       wundorllce 
horn  [um]  bitweonu/w       hu)7e  laedan, 
lyftfaet  leohtlic        listum  gegierwed,  FoL  io8« 

hu)7e  to  )7am  ham       of  \>2Lm  heresT)7e  ; 
^walde  hyre  on  pxre  byrig       bur  atimbra[n], 
searwum  asettan,       gif  hit  swa  meahte. 
Da  cwom  wundorlicu  wiht       ofer  wealles  hrof, 
seo  is  eallum  cu^       eorSbuendum  ; 

28  ( Gr    fV  29),      1.     Gr   [heoru] — scearpestan,    to  supply  tht  missing 
alliterati-ve  syllable.    Cf.  Riddle  6,  /.  8. 

29  (Gr  fV  30).      2.    Ms  horna  abitvveonum.     Th's  emendation  in  text. 
5.    Mi  walde  <7«</ atimbram. 


ahredde  )7a  )>a  hQ|;e,       -^  to  ham  bedr[a]f 
[owreccan  ofer  willan  ;       gewat  hyre  west  )7onan 
f2ehJ7um  feran,       for^  onette. 
Dust  stone  to  heofonum  ;       deaw  feol  on  eorJ?an ; 
niht  forS  gewat.       Nsenig  sij?)?an 
wera  gewiste       )?^re  wihte  si^. 

so- 
le eom  lig  bysig ;       laee  mid  winde 
bewunden  mid  wuldre,       wedre  gesomnad, 
fus  for^weges,       fyre  gebysgad, 
bearu  blowende,       byrnende  gled. 
sFul  oft  mee  gesT]?as       sendaS  aefter  hondum 
J7^/  mee  weras  ^  wif      wlonce  eyssa^. 
"ponne  ie  mee  onhaebbe,       hi  onhniga)?  to  me 
monige  mid  miltse,       )?2er  ic  monnum  seeal 
yean  upcyme       eadignesse. 

29  9.    Ms  bedraef. 
II.   Ms  onette'S. 

30  {Gr  ^31).  This  Riddle  is  one  of  the  -very  feiv  0.  E.  compositions 
of  which  ive  possess  tivo  texts.  They  are  both  in  the  Exeter  Book,  folios 
Io8a  and  122b  {Th  pp.  ^f.i2  and  4'jd).  The  second  version  is  the  frit  riddle 
of  the  second  batch  ;  it  is  defective  in  II.  2  and  ^.  The  above  text  is  compiled 
from  the  fwo  versions  {A^  £).  Where  they  differ^  tht  rejected  reading  is 
given  beloiv. 

1.  A  leg. 

2.  B  wunden. 

3.  B  gemylted  (=  melted). 

6.  B  paer  and  gecyssatS. 

7.  A  ~\  \\\  onhingaj). 

8.  B  modge  miltsum  swa  ic  mongum  sccal.      See  sheet  of  figures. 


24  HiUDlfflf 

31- 

Is  ))es  middangeard       missenlicum 

wisum  gewlitegad,       wr^ettum  gefrastwad. 

Ic  seah  sellic  )^ing       singan  on  raecede ; 

wiht  wass  [nower]        werum  on  gemonge 
5S10  haefde  waestum       wundorlicran. 

Ni)>erwear[d]       waes  neb  hyre, 

fet  ^  folme       fugele  gellce  ; 

no  hwaepre  fleogan  maeg,       ne  fela  gongan. 

Hwae);re  fej^egeorn       fremman  onginne^ 
logecoren  crasftum,       cyrre^  geneahhe 

oft  ^  gelome       eorlum  on  gemonge, 

site-S  aet  symble,       s^les  bide)?, 

hwonne  Sr  heo  craeft       hyre  cy);an  m5te  Fol-  lo^b 

werum  on  wonge.       Ne  heo  ];^r  wiht  |?ige^ 
i5);aes  )?e  him  aet  blisse       beornas  habba[^]. 

Deor,  domes  georn,       hio  dumb  wuna^ ; 

hwae)7re  hyre  is  on  fote       faeger  hleoj^or, 

wynHcu  wo^giefu  ;       wrsetlic  me  ];ince^ 

hu  seo  wiht  maege       wordum  lacan 
2o)?urh  fot  neo);an       fraetwed  hyrstum. 

Hafa^  hyre  on  halse,       ])onne  hlo  hord  wara"? 

baer,  beagum  deall,       bro);or  sine, 

m^eg  mid  m^g[um].       Micel  is  to  hycgenne 

wTsum  woSboran,       hwaet  [slo]  wiht  sie. 

31  (Gr    W  T^z).      4.  Ms  on;    Gr  no  5    Herz    nower   {^for  the  form  cf. 
Crist,  igg). 

6.   M;  niperwear^.  15.    Afi  habbad. 

23.    Mi  msegne.  24.    Sio  supplied  hy  Th.     Cf.  Riddle  32,  A  14. 


32. 

Is  |?es  middangeard       missenlicum 
wTsum  gewlitegad,       wr^ttum  gefraetwad, 
ST)mm  sellic        ic  seah  searo  hweorfan, 
grindan  wi^S  greote,     giellende  faran. 
5  Naefde  sellicu  wiht       syne  ne  folme, 
exle  ne  earmas  ;       sceal  on  anum  fet 
searoceap  swlfan,       swIJ^e  feran,  • 

faran  ofer  feldas  ;       haefde  fela  ribba ; 
muS  waes  on  middan.       Moncynne  nyt 
lofer  foddurwelan       folcscipe  dreoge^, 
wist  in  wigeS,       ^  werum  gielde^ 
gaful  geara  gehwam       J^aes  |?e  guman  bruca'S 
rice  ^  heane.       Rece,  gif  )7u  cunne, 
wis  worda  gleaw,       hwaet  slo  wiht  sTe. 

33- 

Wiht  cwom  aefter  wege        wr^tlicu  li]7an, 
cymlic  from  ceole       cleopode  to  londe, 
hlinsade  hliide  ;        [h]  leahtor  waes  gryrelic, 
egesful  on  earde,     ecge  wseron  scearpe. 
5  Waes  hlo  hetegrim,       hilde  to  s^ne,  Fol.  109a 

biter  beadoweorca  ;       bordweallas  grof 

32  {Gr  ^/^33).      8.   Mi  fella. 

10.    AIs  fere. 

33(^-^34) 
3.  Ms  leahtor. 
5.  Herz  suggests  tossge  {inclined)  or  onsSge  (^assailing). 


26  Miunto 

heard,  hT]7ende;       heterune  bond. 
Saegde  searocraeftig       ymb  hyre  sylfre  gesceaft : 
"Is  mln  modor,       maegp]a  cynnes 
io)7aes  deorestan,       J7<^/  is  dohtor  min, 
eacen  up  liden  ;       swa  J>aet  is  aeldum  cu|?, 
firum  on  folce,       ])t^t  seo  on  foldan  sceal 
on  ealra  londa  gehwam       lissum  stondan." 

34. 
Ic  wiht  geseah       in  wera  burgum 
seo  ]7aet  feoh  fede^  ;       hafaS  fela  to)7a  ; 
nebb  bi)?  hyre  aet  nytte ;       ni)?erweard  gonge^, 
hT|7e^  holdllce       ^  to  ham  tyh^, 
5wS)7eS  geond  weallas,       vvyrte  sece^. 
Aa  heo  j^a  findeS       ]m  ])g  fest  ne  bij? ; 
l^eteS  hio  )?a  wlitigan,       wyrtum  faeste, 
stille  stondan       on  sta)?olwonge, 
beorhte  blican,       bio  wan  ^  growan. 

35. 

Mec  se  wseta  wong       wundrum  freorig 
of  his  inna]7e       serist  cende. 
Ne  wat  ic  mec  beworhtne       wulle  flysum, 
h^rum  )?urh  heahcraeft,       hygej^oncum  min. 
sWundene  me  ne  beo^  wefle,       ne  ic  wearp  hafu, 
ne  )7urh  |?reata  ge)?raECu       ]7r^d  me  ne  hlimme^, 
ne  aet  me  hrutende       hrisil  scrTf>eS, 

33  9.   Mi  maegda. 


ne  mec  ohwonan  sceal       amas  cnyssan. 
Wyrmas  mec  ne  awaEfan         wyrda  craeftum, 
io]>a.  ])e  geolo  godwebb       geatwum  fraetwa^. 

Wile  mec  mon  hwas);re  se);eah       wide  ofer  eorj7an 

hatan  for  hsele'pum       hyhtlic  gew^de. 

Saga,  soScwidum,       searo]7oncum  gleaw, 

wordum  vvTsfa^st,       hwaet  )?is  gew^dfe]  sy.         Fol.  109b 

36. 

Ic  wiht  geseah       on  wege  feran, 
SCO  wass  wrietllce,       wundrum,  gegierwed  ; 
haefde  feowere       fet  under  wombe, 
^  ehtuwe,  monn  h  [/>]  M[p'],        wiif  w;<- /iy  [r], 
^y^hors  qxxs        ufon  on  hrycge. 
Haefde  tu  fi|;ru       ^  twelf  eagan 
^  siex  heafdu.       Saga  hwaet  hTo  wiere. 
For  flodwegas ;       ne  waes  ])^t  na  fugul  ana, 
ac  l^aer  waes  ^ghwylces       anra  gelTcnes, 
10  horses  ^  monnes,       hundes  ^  fugles, 
^  eac  wifes  wlite.      pu  wast,  gif  ]m  const, 
to  gesecganne,       J?^/  we  so^  witan, 
hu  )?£ere  wihte       wise  gonge. 

25  (Gr  JV  36).      14,    Ms  gewaedu. 

36  (Gr  ^  37),  4.  Ms  certainly  has  **  h  w  M  Wnf  mx  I  k  f  tu''''  [stt 
the  Notes  and  my  tracing).  Gr  ehte  we,  i.e.  ehtun  we,  preterite  of  ehtan, 
eahtan  [  =  eahtian],  aestimare. 

9.    Gr  suggests  fold-wegas  {^appro-ved  by  Cos). 


28  KiDUlfflf 

37- 
Ic  }>a  wlhte  geseah ;       womb  wass  on  hindan 
)7n)?um  a);runten.       pegn  folgade, 
maegenrofa  man,       "j  micel  haefde 
gefered  )7^r  [)?aet]  hit  f[y]lde       fleah  ]?urh  his  cage. 
5Ne  swylte^  he  symle       ponne  syllan  sceal 
inna^  J^am  6)7ru/w,       ac  him  eft  cyme^ 
hot  in  bosme,      bl^d  bi)?  arSred  ; 
he  sunu  wyrce^,       biS  him  sylfa  faeder. 

38- 

Ic  )?a  wiht  geseah       w^pnedcynnes 
geogu^myrwe  grsdig.       Him  on  gafol  forlet 
Fer5fri);ende       feower  wellan 
scire  sceotan,       on  gesceap  ])eotan. 
5Mon  maj^elade,       se  ];e  me  gesaegde  : 
"  Seo  wiht,  gif  hlo  gedyge^,       duna  brice^ ; 
gif  he  tobirste^,       binde^  cv/ice." 

39- 
Gewritu  secga^S       j^aet  seo  wiht  sy 
mid  moncynne       miclum  tT[d]um 
sweotol  *j  gesyne ;       sundorcraeft  hafa^ 
mara[n]  micle       ponne  hit  men  witen. 

37  (Gr  Py  38).      4.    Ms  paer  hit  felde. 

38  [Gr  fV  -^^y      2.    Holthausen's  emendation.      4.    B   To  suggests  gss- 
ceappeotan  (teat). 

39  (Gr  fV  i^o).      X.    Ms  ticlum,  e'vidently  a  case  of  d'tttografhy. 
4.    Ml  maram. 


5Heo  wile  gesecan       sundor  aeghwylcne  Fol,  iioa 

feorhberendra  ;       gewlte'5  eft  feran  onweg  ; 

ne  biS  hio  n^fre       niht  ])xr  oJ?re  ; 

ac  hlo  sceal  wideferh       vvreccan  laste 

hamleas  hweorfan  ;       no  ])y  heanre  bi|7. 
10 Ne  hafaS  hio  fot  ne  folm,       ne  §efre  foldan  hran, 

ne  eagen  [a  hafa^]        ^g)?er  twega  ; 

ne  muS  hafa);,       ne  wij?  monnum   spraec  ; 

ne  gewit  hafa^  :       ac  gewritu  secga^ 

]7aet  seo  sy  earmost       ealra  wihta, 
is]?ara  ]7e  aefter  gecyndum       cenned  wsere. 

Ne  hafaS  hio  sawle  ne  feorh  ;       ac  hio  sl)?as  sceal 

geond  ]7as  wundorworuld       wide  dreogan. 

Ne  hafa]7  hio  blod  ne  ban  ;       hwaej^re  bearnum  wearS 

geond  )7isne  middangeard       mongum  t5  frofre. 
loNaefre  hio  heofonum  hran,       ne  to  helle  mot ; 

ac  hio  sceal  wideferh       Wuldorcyninge  [s] 

larum  lifgan.       Long  is  t5  secganne 

hu  hyre  ealdorgesceaft       aefter  gonge^, 

woh  wyrda  gesceapu.       pact  [is]   wr^tlic  J7ing 
52 to  gesecganne  :       so^  is  ^Eghwylc 

);ara  j^e  ymb  )7as  wiht       wordum  becneS. 

Ne  hafa^  he  [o]  ^nig  lim,       leofaf>  efne  sej^eah. 

Gif  ])u.  maege  reselan       recene  gesecgan 

sojmm  wordum,       saga  hwaet  hio  hatte. 

39  1 1 .   Ms  eagene  ;  hafa'S  supplied  by  Gr. 
18.    beornum  (?) 
21.     Ms  wuldorcyninge. 
24.    Is  supplied  by  Th. 
27.   Ms  he  hiEnig.      Cf.  U.  10,  16,  18. 


30  MiDDlesf 

40. 

Ece  is  se  Scyppend,       se  j^as  eorJ>an  nu 

wre^stu]?um       ^  ]?as  world  healde^ ; 

rlc[e]  is  se  Reccend       ^  on  ryht  Cyning, 

ealra  Anwalda,       eor|?an  -j  heofones  ; 
5  healde^  -3  wealde^,       swa  he  utan  hweorfe^  ymb  )7as. 

He  mec  wr^tllce       worhte  aet  frym]7e,  Fol.  nob 

}>a  he  J;isne  ymbhwyrft       Merest  sette  ; 

heht  mec  wasccende       wunian  longe, 

|7aet  ic  ne  slepe       sif>f>an  Sfre : 
io'3  mec  semminga       sl^p  ofergongej?, 

beo^  eagan  min       ofestum  betyned. 

pisne  middangeard       meahtig  Dryhten 

mid  his  onwalde       aeghwser  styre^  ; 

swa  ic  mid  Waldendes       worde  ealne 
i5)7isne  ymbhwyrft       utan  ymbclyppe. 

Ic  eom  to  );on  blea^       ]?aet  mec  bealdllce  maeg 

gearugongende       grima  abregan  : 

^  eofore  eom       Sghw^r  cenra, 

)7on«(?  he  gebolgen       bidsteal  giefe^. 
20  Ne  maeg  mec  oferswlj^an       segnberendra 

^nig  ofer  eor];an,       nym);e  se  ana  God 

se  )?isne  hean  heofon       healde);  ^  wealdej?. 

Ic  eom  on  stence       strengre  [micle] 

]>onne  ricels       o)?j7e  rose  sy, 

40  {Gr  fV  ^i).      3.    Ms  ric.      5.    Ms  ymb  pas  utan  hweorfe'5. 
^3>  ^5>  56*  61  •  ^^'*  emendations.      No  gaps  In  the  Ms. 


KtBDle£^  31 

25  [J?e  swa  Snllce]       on  eor)>an  tyrf 

wynlic  weaxe^  ;       ic  eom  wr^stre  ]}onne  heo. 

peah  )?e  lilie  sy      leof  moncynne, 

beorht  on  blostman,       ic  eom  betre  ])onne  heo. 

Swylce  ic  nardes  stenc       nyde  oferswi];e 
30 mid  minre  swetnesse       symle  aghw^r  : 

^  ic  fiilre  eom       ])onne  J?is  fen  swearte 

]}t^t  her  yfle       adelan  stinceS. 

Eal  ic  under  heofones       hwearfte  recce, 

swa  me  leof  Faeder       Iserde  aet  frymj?e, 
35)72et  ic  )7a  mid  ryhte       reccan  moste 

|;icce  ^  |;ynne,     )'inga  gehwylces 

onlTcnesse       sghw^r  healde. 

Hyrre  ic  eom  heofone  ;       hate)?  mec  Heahcyning 

his  deagol  ]?ing       dyre  bihealdan  : 
4oeac  ic  under  eor)7an       eal  sceawige, 

wo[nn]  wra^scrafu       wraj^ra  g  [se]  sta.  FoL  ma 

Ic  eom  micle  yldra       ^onne  ymbhwyrft  ]?ass 

o)7|?e  );es  middangeard       meahte  geweor]?an : 

^  ic  giestron  waes       g^orig  acenned 
45m^re  to  monnum       )?urh  mlnre  modor  hrif. 

Ic  eom  f^gerre       fraetwum  goldes, 

]7eah  hit  mon  awerge       wTrum  utan  : 

ic  eom  wyrslicre       ^onne  j^es  wudu  fula 

40  41.    Ms  worn  —  an  unexampled  form  for  accutati've  plural.    The  choice 

lies  betiveen  wonn  and  won  {iveak  plural  of  woh).      The  former  makes  the 

better  sense.  —  It  is  more   than  possible  that  wrapra  is  an  instance  of  ditto- 

graphy  ;  perhaps  ive  should  read  AVfyrg^tz.      A/x  gcsta  ;   cf    Guthlac,  ^6^. 

41.    Ms  paes. 


32  HiDDlefif 

oSSe  })Is  waro^       )?e  her  aworpen  lige^. 
50  Ic  eor)?an  eom       seghwSr  br^dre, 

^  wTdgielra       ]yonne  f>es  wong  grena  : 

tblm  mec  masg  bifon,       ^  fingras  pry 

utan  ea);e       ealle  ymbclyppan. 

Heardra  ic  eom  ^  caldra       ponne  se  hearda  forst, 
55hrlm  heorugrimma,       ponne  he  to  hrusan  cyme^ : 

[ic  eom]  Ulcanus       upirnendan 

leohtan  leoman,       lege,  hatra. 

Ic  eom  on  goman       gena  swetra, 

ponne  pu  beobread       blende  mid  hunige  : 
6oSwylce  ic  eom  wrafre       ponne  wermod  sy, 

[)?e]  her  on  hyrstum       heasewe  stondej;. 

Ic  mesan  maeg       meahtelicor 

^  efnetan       ealdum  J^yrse  : 

-^  ic  ges^lig  maeg       symle  lifgan, 
65]?eah  ic  ^tes  ne  sy       sEfre  to  feore. 

Ic  maeg  fromlTcor       fleogan  ponne  p^rnex 

op])e  earn  oj7j;e  hafoc       ^fre  meahte ; 

nis  zefferus       se  swifta  wind 

);ast  swa  fromlice  maeg       feran  seghwser 
70  me  is  snaegl  swiftra,       snelr[a]  regnwyrm, 

^  fenyce       fore  hre)?re  ; 

i[s]  );aes  gores  sunu       gonge  hrasdra 

j7one  we  wifel       worduw  nemnaS.  Fol.  iiib 

40  63.    Ms  pyrre.     T/i  suggested  pyrse. 
70.    Ms  snelro  pon. 
72.    Ms  ic. 


Hefigere  ic  eom  micle       ]>onne  se  hara  Stan 
75o)7)?e  unlytel       leades  clympre  : 

leohtre  ic  eom  micle       ])onne  ];es  lytla  wyrm 

j^e  her  on  flode  g^^       fotum  dryge. 

Flinte  ic  eom  heardra       };e  yis  fyr  drifej? 

of  )7issum  strongan       style  heardan  : 
gohnescre  ic  eom  micle       halsrefe);re 

seo  her  on  winde       w^we"S  on  lyfte. 

Ic  eor)?an  eom       ^ghwSr  brsedre, 

"J  widgelra       J;on«^  |?es  wong  grena ; 

ic  uttor  eal       ymbwinde 
85wrStlIce  gewefen       wundorcraefte. 

Nis  under  me       ^enig  o]7er 

wiht  waldendre       on  worldllfe. 

Ic  eom  ufor       ealra  gesceafta 

)?ara  ])e  vvorhte       Waldend  user, 
90  se  mec  ana  maeg       ecan  meahtum 

ge)?eon  |?rymme       J7aet  ic  on[);uni]an  ne  sceal. 

Mara  ic  eom  *j  strengra       ]>onne  se  micla  hwael, 

se  pe  garsecges       grund  blhealde^ 

sweartan  syne  ;       ic  eom  swTj^re  ])onne  he  : 
95swylce  ic  eom  on  masgene       minum  Isesse 

40   77.    Ms  flonde.      84.    Hohhauien  ic  uttor  [ealSe]  on  metrical  grounds ; 

cp'  I-  53- 

91.  Ms  onrinnan.  Gr'j  emendation^  necessitated  by  the  alliteration.  Nei- 
ther onrinnan  nor  onj7unian  occurs  elsewhere.  Perhaps  ive  should  read  Jjunian, 
a  common  'word  occurring  tivice  elsewhere  in  the  Riddles  (1,4;  45,  2.),  and  in 
The  Soul  to  the  Body  ^o  (^Vercelli  Ms)  apparently  in  the  sense  required  here. 

94.   Herz  proposes  sweart  ansyne.   Cf.  faeger  onsyne  in  Rune-poem  Ji. 


34  HiDDles; 

j)onn£  se  hondwyrm,       se  |;e  haele|7a  beam, 
secgas  searo];oncle,       seaxe  delfa^. 
Ne  hafu  ic  in  heafde       hwite  loccas 
wr^ste  gewundne,       ac  ic  eom  wide  calu  j 

loone  ic  breaga  ne  bruna       brucan  moste, 
ac  mec  bescyrede       Scyppend  eallum  : 
nu  me  wrsetlice       weaxa^  on  heafde, 
])££t  me  on  gescyldruw       sclnan  motan 
ful  wrStlice,       wundne  loccas. 

105  Mara  ic  eom  "j  f^ttra       yonne  amaested  swin, 
bearg  bellende       on  bocwuda  ; 
won,  wrotende       wynnum  lifde. 


pat  he 


41. 
edniwu.  Fol.  112* 


paet  is  moddor       monigra  cynna, 
J;aes  selestan,       J;aes  sweartestan, 
);aes  deorestan,       J)aes  J^e  dryhta  beam 
5ofer  foldan  sceat       to  gefean  agen. 
Ne  magon  we  her  in  eorj^an       owiht  lifgan, 
nym^e  we  brucen       ];aes  J^a  beam  do^. 
pi^t  is  to  ge]?encanne       j^eoda  gehwylcum, 
wIsfaestu/;2  werum,       hwaet  seo  wiht  sy. 

40    108.    There  is  no  gap  in  the  Ms  here,  hut  it  is  evident  that  this  riddU 
has  no  end  and  the  next  no  beginning. 


42. 

Ic  seah  wyhte       wrsetlice  twa 

undearnunga       ute  plegan 

h^medlaces  :       hwitloc  anfeng 

wlanc  under  w^dum,       gif  );aes  weorces  speo[w"], 
sfasmne  fyllo.       Ic  on  flette  maeg 

J;urh  runstafas       rincum  secgan, 

y^m  }7e  bee  witan,       bega  aetsomne 

naman  )?ara  wihta.       p^r  sceal  Nyd  wesan 

twega  o|7er      ^  se  torhta  t^sc 
loan  an  llnan,       Acas  twegen, 

Haegelas  swa  some,       hwylc  [f'Jaes  hordgates. 

c^gan  craefte       |?a  clamme  onleac, 

)?e  ]7a  r^dellan       wi^  rynemenn 

hygefaeste  heold       heortan,  bewrigene 
i5or)?oncbendum.       Nu  is  undyrne 

werum  aet  wine,       hu  j^a  wihte  mid  us 

hean  mode  twa       hatne  sindon. 

43- 
Ic  wat  indryhtne,       ae|?elum  deorne 
giest  in  geardum,       }7am  se  grimma  ne  maeg 
hunger  sce^^an       ne  se  hata  ]7urst, 
yldo  ne  adle.       Gif  him  arllce 

42  (Gr  ^43).      4.    Mj  speop. 
1 1 .    Ms  waes. 

17.    Ms  sindon.    Ic  (t/ie  last  ivord  of  this  riddle  and  the  first  of  the  next) 
on  the  same  line. 


36  KitiDUfif 

5esne  ]7ena^,       se  ■Se  a  gan  sceal 

on  ]7am  si^fate,       hy  gesunde  aet  ham 

finda^,  witode  him,       wiste  ^  blisse, 

cnosles  unrim  ;       care,  gif  se  esne 

his  hlaforde       hyre-S  yfle,  Fol.  112b 

lofrean  on  f5re       Ne  wile  forht  wesan 

bro|7or  oj^rum  ;       him  ]7aet  bam  sce^e^S, 

]7onne  hy  from  bearme       begen  hweorfa'S 

anre  magan       ellorfuse, 

moddor  ^  sweostor.       Mon,  se  J^e  wille, 
i5cy)7e  cynewordum,       hu  se  cuma  hatte 

e-S)7a  se  esne,       )?e  ic  her  ymb  sprice. 

44- 
Wr^tlic  honga^       bi  weres  J^eo, 
frean  under  sceate  ;       foran  is  )?yrel ; 
bi-S  sup  ^  heard,       stede  hafa^  godne. 
ponne  se  esne       his  agen  hrasgl 
5ofer  cneo  hefe^,       wile  )?aet  cu)7e  hoi 
mid  his  hangellan       heafde  gretan, 
)7aet  he  efelang  xr       oft  gefylde. 

45- 
Ic  on  wincle  gefrasgn       w[aces]  nathwaet 
}?indan  ^  )?unian,       j^ecene  hebban. 
On  )7aEt  banlease       bryd  grapode 

45  {Gr  TV  ^(y).      I.    Ms  weax.    Apparently  nlthv/dst  is  a/ivays  construed 
•with  a  geniti've.    Weax,  ivax,  looks  like  a  primitive  pun  of  the  scribe's. 


KiDUleflf  37 

hygewlonc  hondum  ;       hrasgle  |?eahte 
5j;[i]nclende  ]>ing       [;eodnes  dohtor. 

46. 

Waer  saet  aet  wine,       mid  his  wifum  twam, 
^  his  twegen  suno       ^  his  twa  dohtor, 
swase  gesweostor,       ^  hyr[a]  suno  twegen, 
freolico  frumbearn  ;        faeder  waes  )72erinne 
5J;ara  ae)?elinga       ^ghwae^res  mid, 
earn  ^  nefa.       Ealra  w^ron  fife 
eoria  ^  idesa       insittendra. 

47- 
Mo"S^e  word  fr^t.       Me  )7aet  )?uhte 
wrsetlicu  wyrd,       jja  ic  ])2£t  wundor  gefraegn, 
)7aet  se  wyrm  forswealg       wera  gied  sumes, 
);eof  in  );ystro       J^rymfaestne  cwide 
5";)  ]?aes  strangan  sta)7ol.       Staelgiest  ne  waes 
wihte  ])y  gleawra,      ]>e  he  )7am  wordu;w  swealg.     Fol.  113a 


Ic  gefraegn  f  [o]  r  haele)?um       hring  [aer]  endean 
torhtne  butan  tungan,       tila,  J^eah  he  hlude 

45    5.    AIs  prindende.    T/iere  is  little  to  choose  betiueen  pindende  and  prin- 
tende,  both  meaning  *■*■  iiueUing.'"'' 

^6{Grf^^j).      3.    Mj  hyre. 

^'J  (^Gr  JV  48).      6.    Ms  swealg.    Ic  (^the  last  ivord  of  this  riddle  and  the 
Jirst  of  the  next")  on  the  same  line. 

48  {Gr  /^49).       I.    Ms  {ex. 
2.    Gr  inserted  reordian  after  tila,  and  put  the  next  three  words  at  the  be- 


38  Kit3Ulr0 

stefne  ne  cirmde       strongum  wordum. 
Sine  for  secgum       swigende  cwae^  : 
5"  Gehjele  mec,       Helpend  gSsta  !  " 
Ryne  ongietan       readan  goldes 
guman,  galdorcwide  ;       gleawe  be];uncan 
hyra  h^lo  to  Gode,       swa  se  bring  gecwae^. 

49- 

Ic  wat  eardfaestne       anne  standan 

deafne  dumban,       se  oft  daeges  swilge^ 

);urh  gopes  bond       gifrum  lacum. 

Hwllu[m]  on  ])3.m  vvTcum       se  wonna  )?egn, 
5sweart  ^  saloneb,       sende^  o)?re 

under  goman  bim       golde  dyrran, 

)?a  ae])eHngas       oft  wilnia^, 

cyningas  ^  cwene.       Ic  ])at  cyn  nu  gen 

nemnan  ne  wille,       J;e  bim  to  nytte  swa 
to';)  to  dug)?um  do|7,       pat  se  dumba  ber, 

eorp  unwita,       ser  f[o]rswilge"S. 

50. 

Wiga  is  on  eor);an       wundrum  acenned 
drybtum  to  nytte       of  dumbum  twam, 

ginning  of  I.  J,  where  they  ivill  not  scan.    It  is  of  course  possible  that  there  is 
something  missing  after  tila,  as  the  editors  assume  ,•   but  there  is  no  gap  in  the 
AIs,  and  the  passage  as  printed  above  is  not   tvorse  doggerel  than  is  found  in 
se-veral  other  riddles.    I  find  that  Klb  has  anticipated  my  reading  of  I.  2. 
^g  (Gr  fV  50).      4.    Ms  hwilu  mon. 
1 1 .    AJs  fer  swilge'S. 


torht  atyhted,       )7one  on  teon  wige^ 
feond  his  feonde.       P'  [o]  rstrangne  oft 
5wlf  hine  wrl^.        He  him  wel  here^, 
|?eowa]?  him  ge];waere,       gif  him  )?egnia^ 
maegeS  -^  maecgas       mid  gemete  ryhte, 
feda^  hine  f^gre ;       he  him  fremum  stepe-S 
life  on  lissum.       LeanaS  grimme, 
io|?e  hine  wloncne       weor)?an  l^te^. 

51- 
Ic  seah  wrietlice       wuhte  feower 

samed  si)?ian  ;       swearte  waeran  lastas,  Fol.  113b 

swa)?u  swi)7e  blacu.       Swift  waes  on  fore, 
fuglum  fr[o]mra       fleotgan  lyfte  ; 
5  deaf  under  yj^e.       Dreag  unstille, 
winnende  wiga,       se  him  w[e]gas  tsecne)? 
ofer  fsetcd  gold       feower  ealluw. 

52. 

Ic  seah  rspingas       in  raeced  fergan, 
under  hrof  sales,       hearde  twegen  ; 
];a  w^ron  gen[u]mne,       nearwum  bendum, 
gefeterade       faeste  togaedre. 
5  para  oj^rum  waes       an  getenge 

50  {Gr  W  51).      4.    M%  fer  strangne. 

51  {Gr  PF  ^z).      4.   Ms  frumra. 
6.    Ms  waegas. 

52  (Gr  ^  53).      3.    Ms  genamne,  ivhich  Gr  retains  and  renders  gleich- 
namigen,   namesakes. 


40  HiDl5lefif 

wonfah  Wale,       seo  weold  hyra 
bega  sij7e       bendum  faestra. 

53- 

Ic  seah  on  bearwe       beam  hllfian 
tanum  torhtne ;       ]?aet  treow  waes  on  wynne, 
wudu  weaxende.       Waeter  hine  ^  eor);e 
feddan  f^gre,       o)?);aet  he  frod  dagum 

5  on  6)7rum  wearS,       aglachade 
deope  gedolgod,       dumb  in  bendum, 
wrij^en  ofer  wunda,       wonnum  hyrstum 
foran  gefraetwed.       Nu  he  fecnum  w[e]g 
j^urh  his  heafdes  maeg[en]       hildegieste 

iooj;ruw  ryme^;       oft  hy  an  yst[e]  strudon 
hord  aetgaedre.        Hraed  waes  '^  unlaet 
se  aeftera,       gif  se  ^rra  f^r  genam  ; 
nan  in  nearowe       ne];an  moste. 

54- 
Hyse  cwom  gangan,       );^r  he  hie  wisse 
stondan  in  wT[n]sele;       stop  feorran  to 
hror  hasgstealdmon,       hof  his  agen 
hraegl  hondum  up,       h[r]and  under  gyrdels 
5hyre  stondendre       sti|7es  nathwaet, 

53  (<^^  ^54)-     8.   Msw?,g. 

9.  Ms  maeg. 

10.  AIs  hy  an  yst.       Th  on  yst,  furiously.      My  emendation  in  the  text. 

54  (Gr  ;F  55).      2.    Ms  wine  sele. 
4.    Ms  rand. 


KiUDles:  41 

worhte  his  willan  ;       wagedan  buta. 
pegn  onnette,       waes  pragum  nyt, 
tillic  esne  ;       teorode  hwaej^re 

ast  stunda  gehwam       strong  2Er)?on[ne]  hie  o,     Fol.  114a 
lowerig  |?aes  weorces.       Hyre  weaxan  ongon 
under  gyrdelse       J7aet  oft  gode  men 
fer^[7um  freoga^       -^  mid  feo  bicga^. 

55. 

Ic  seah  in  heall,       )?£er  haele^  druncon, 

on  fiet  beran       feower  cynna  : 

wraetlic  wudutreow       ^  wunden  gold, 

sine  searobunden,       ^  seolfres  d^l 
5*3  rode  tacn,       )7aes  Qs  to  roderum  up 

hlsedre  r^rde,       ^r  he  helwara 

burg  abr^ce.      Ic  J;ass  beames  maeg 

eaj>e  for  eorlum       aeJ7elu  secgan  : 

'p2er  waes  hlin  ^  a[c]       ^  se  hearda  Iw 
io'3  se  fealwa  holen.       Frean  sindon  ealle 

nyt  aetgaedre  ;       naman  habba^  anne, 

wulfheafedtreo,       J^aet  oft  w^epen  abaed 

his  mondryhtne,       ma^m  in  healle, 

goldhilted  sweord.       Nu  me  [gieddes  J7isses] 
i5ondsware  ywe,       se  hine  onmede 

wordum  secgan,       hu  se  wudu  hatte. 

54  9.    Ms  jjon. 

55  {Gr  W  56).      9.   Ms  ace. 

14.  Ms  pisses  gieddes.      Herxs  emendation  for  the  alliteration. 


i 


42  KiDOlfS 

56. 

Ic  waes  )7£erinne,       )^^r  ic  ane  geseah 
winnende  wiht       wido  bennegean, 
holt  hweorfende  ;       heaj^oglemma  feng, 
deopra  dolga.      Daro);as  w^ron 
5we[a]  ])xTe  wihte,      ^  se  wudu  searwum 
faeste  gebunden.       Hyre  fota  waes 
biidfaest  o)7er  ;       oper  bisgo  dreag, 
leolc  on  lyfte,       hwllum  londe  neah. 
Treow  waes  [)^am]  getenge,       )?€  )7^r  torhtan  st5d 
loleafum  bihongen.       Ic  lafe  geseah 
minum  hlaforde,       ]?sr  haeleS  druncon, 
)7ara  flan[geweorca]       on  flet  beran. 

57- 
Deos  lyft  byre^       lytle  wihte 

ofer  beorghleo)7a,       pa.  sind  blace  swTj^e,  Fol.  114b 

swearte,  salopade.       Sanges  ro[f]e 
heapum  fera^,       hlude  cirma^  ; 
5  treda^  bearonaessas,       hwllum  burgsalo 
ni)7]?a  bearna.       Nemna^  hy  sylfe. 

56  (Gr  ^  57).      5.    Ms  weo,  iv/iicA  Gr.  glosses  as  plural  of  woh.      But 
see  S-v,  §  2gs,  N.  /. 

9.  Home  such  changes  as  those  made  in  the  text  seem  necessary.  Gr  in  his 
"  Sprachschat-z'''  gi'ves  getenge  pam  pe  («'  y«') ;  I'ut  this  makes  pam,  instead 
o/"  treow,  the  virtual  subject  of  stod. 

12.   Gr's  emendation. 

57  {Gr  ^^58).      3.    Ms  rope. 


KiDOlea  43 

58. 

Ic  wat  an  fete       ellen  dreogan 

wiht  on  wonge.       Wide  ne  fere-S, 

ne  fela  rIdeS,       ne  fleogan  maeg 

)7urh  scirne  daeg,       ne  hie  scip  fere-S, 
5naca  naegledbord  ;       nyt  biS  hwaej^re 

hyre  [monjdryhtne       monegum  tidum. 

HafaS  hefigne  steort,      heafod  lytel, 

tungan  lange,       toS  n^nigne, 

Isernes  d^el ;       eorSgrasf  pae)7e^. 
loWietan  ne  swelge];,       ne  wiht  ite)?, 

fo]7res  ne  gltsaS,       fere^  oft  swa]7eah 

lagoflod  on  lyfte ;       life  ne  gielpecS, 

hlafordes  gifum,       hyre^  swa)7eana 

)>eodne  sinum.       pry  sind  in  naman 
i5ryhte  runstafas;       j^ara  is  Rad  f[o]r[ma]. 

59- 
Ic  seah  in  healle,       bring  gyl[d]enne 
men  sceawian       modum  gleawe, 
fer|7}7um  frode.       Fri)7ospe[de]  baed 
God  nergende       gieste  sin  urn 
5se  ]7e  wende  wri)7an.       Word  aefter  cwae"S 

58  {Gr  W  59).      6.    Th's  emendation. 
15.    Ms  furum.      It  is  possible  that  ive  ought  to  read  frum    {Jtrst),   of 
nuhich  furum  may  represent  the  scribe'' s  pronunciation. 
Sg  {Gr  fV  60),      I.    Ms  gylddenne. 
3.    Ms  fripo  spe,  at  the  end  of  a  line. 


44  KiliUle0 

bring  on  hyrede,       Hslend  nemde 

tillfremmendra,       him  torhte  in  gemynd 

his  Dryhtnes  naman       dumba  brohte, 

^  in  eagna  gesih^,       gif  J^aes  aej^elan 
logoldes  tacen       ongietan  cu|;e, 

Dryht[en]  dolgdon       

Swa  J>aes  beages       benne  cw^edon. 

Ne  masg,  )?^re  bene 

^niges  monnes       ung[e]fullodre, 
isGodes  ealdorburg       gsest  gesecan, 

rodera  ceastre.       Rsde,  se  ]7e  wille, 

hu  ^aes  wrstlican       wunda  cw^den 

hringes  to  haele)?um,       )7a  he  in  healle  waes  Fol.  115* 

wylted  ^  wended       wloncra  folmum. 

60. 

Ic  waes  be  sonde       s^wealle  neah, 
aet  merefaro)7e  ;       mlnum  gewunade 
frumsta)?ole  faest.       Fea  ^nig  waes 
monna  cynnes,       J^aet  minne  )?2Er 
5  on  an^de       eard  beheolde, 
ac  mec  iihtna  gehwam       y-S  sTo  briine 
lagufae^me  beleolc.       Lyt  ic  wende, 
]>£et  ic  2er  o)?]?e  sTS       iefre  sceolde  Fol.  123a 

ofer  meodu  [setla]        mQSleas  sprecan, 

59  II,   13.     It   is  evident  from   the  alliteration  that  ivords  are   missing 
here,  though  there  are  no  gaps  in  the  Ms. 

14.    Ms  ungafiillodre. 

60  {Gr  W  61).      9.    No  gap  in  the  Ms. 


KiUDle0  45 

lowordum  wrixlan.       \iat  is  wundres  dael 
on  sefan  searolic       ]>2.?n  )?e  swylc  ne  conn, 
hu  mec  seaxe[s]  ord       ^  seo  swIJ^re  bond, 
eorles  inge);onc       ^  ord  somod, 
)7ingum  ge|)ydan,       J^aet  ic  wij?  ]>q  sceolde 

isforunc  anum  twa[m]        ierendsprsece 
abeodan  bealdlTce,       swa  hit  beorna  ma, 
uncre  wordcwidas,       wTddor  ne  maenden. 

6i. 

Oft  mec  faeste  blleac       freolicu  meowle, 
ides  on  earce ;       hwTlum  up  ateah 
folmum  sinum       *^  frean  sealde, 
holdum  )?eodne,       swa  hio  haten  waes. 
5Si^)?an  me  on  hre)?re       heafod  sticade ; 
nio);an  upweardne       on  nearo  fegde. 
Gif  l^aes  ondfengan       ellen  dohte, 
J?e  mec  fraetwed[e],       fyllan  sceolde 
ruwes  nathwaet.       Rsd  hwaet  ic  m^ene. 

62. 

Ic  eom  heard  ^  scearp,      [h]  ingonges  strong, 
for^sT);es  from,       frean  unforcu^; 

60  12.    Ms  seaxe'S. 

13.    Herz  suggests  tcgy  to  a-void  the  aivkivard  repetition  of  Old.  Cf.  Riddle 
87,  //.  23-4. 

15.  Ms  twah. 

61  (Gr  /ir  62).      %.   Ms  fraetwedne. 

62  (Gr  ^63),      I.    Mi  ingonges. 


46  HiDDlf0 

wade  under  wambe       ^  me  weg  sylfa 
ryhtne  geryme.       Rinc  bi^  on  ofeste,  Fol.  125a 

5se  mec  on  )?y^       aeftanweardne, 
haele^  mid  hraegle ;       hwllum  ut  tyh^S 
of  hole  hatne  ;       hwilum  eft  fare  [ic] 
on  nearo  nathw^r;       nyde)?  swl)?e 
su]?erne  secg.     Saga  hwaet  ic  hatte. 

63- 

Oft  ic  secg  [a]        seledreame  sceal 
fsegre  on]7eon,       ]}onne  ic  eom  for^  boren 
glaed  mid  golde,       );Sr  guman  drinca-S. 
Hwilum  mec  on  cofan       cysse^  mu)7e 
5tillic  esne,       ])^r  wit  tu  beo); ; 
fas^me  on  folm[e       finjgrum  )'yS, 

wyrce^  his  willan 

....   fulre,  ])onne  ic  for^  cyme. 


10  Ne  maeg  ic  ]?y  mi)?an 

[si]J;p>an  on  leohte 

swylce  eac  bi^  sona 

te  getacnad 

15  hwaet  me  to 

.   .   .  leas  rinc,  ])a  unc  geryde  waes. 

62   7.  Ms  fareS.      Gr  proposed  (ege'S  ;  cf.  Riddle  6l,  /.  6. 

6^  {Gr  fV  64).      I.   Ms  secgan. 
6.    Here  for  the  first  time  in  the  Riddles,  ive  encounter  the  grie'vous  mutila- 
tion of  the  Msy  ivhich  mars  its  last  folios  and  renders  satisfactory  editing  an  im" 
possible  task. 


UiMte  47 

64. 

Ic  seah  '  P"  *  *)  *  |  *       ofer  wong  faran, 
beran  •  ^  *  *  M  * '       b^m  waes  on  si)7)?e 
haebbendes  hyht,  *  ^  *  *3  '  P  * 
swylce  ]ny]7a  d^l,      *•  ^  '  "^  '  M  * 
5  Gefeah  •  P  •  -3  •  ^  ',       fleah  ofer  •  Y  • ; 
'  H  *  'D  '  tfl  '       sylfes  J7aes  folces. 

65. 

Cwico  waes  ic,  ne  cwae^  ic  wiht ;      cvvele  ic  efne  se)7eah. 
JEr  ic  waes,  eft  ic  cwom.       iEghwa  mec  reafa^, 
hafa'S  mec  on  hea[S]re       ^  mln  heafod  scire];, 
blte^  mec  on  baer  lie,       brice^  mine  wisan. 
5  Monnan  ic  ne  bite,       nym  []?]  e  he  me  bite  ; 
sindan  J?ara  monige       j^e  mec  bItaS. 

66. 

Ic  eom  mare       ])onne  ];es  mi[d]dangeard, 
l^sse  ^onne  hondwyrm,       leohtre  )7onne  mona,    Fol.  125b 
swiftre  ])onne  sunne.       Sses  me  sind  ealle, 
flodas,  on  fae^mum       ^  ]i  [e]  s  foldan  bearm, 
5grene  wongas.       Grundum  ic  hrlne, 
helle  underhnlge  ;       heofonas  oferstlge, 
wuldres  e]7el,       wide  r^ce 

6$  {Gr  PT  66).      3.   Miheadre.    TA  proposed hezlSre.  Q^.  (ge)hea'Sorian. 

5.    Ms  nymppe. 
66  {Gr  f^  6 j).      I.   M;  mindangeard. 

4.  Ms  pas. 


48  KiUtJlesf 

ofer  engla  card  ;       eorj^an  gefylle, 
ea[l]ne  middangeard       -^  merestreamas 
loslde,  mid  me  sylfum.       Saga  hwaet  ic  hatte. 

67. 

[I]c  on  f>ing[e]        [gjefraegn  peodcyninges 
wrsetlice  wiht,       word  galdra   .... 


hlo  symle  de^       fira  gel   ...   . 

5 

wisdome  wundor       me  }7a  .   .  w 


fet  ne  f 


lO' 


enne  mu^  hafa^ 
welan  oft  saca^, 


cwi)7e^  cynn 

wearS 

leoda  lareow,       for]7on  nu  longe  mag 

ealdre       ece  lifgan 

ismissenlice,       )7enden  menn  buga^ 
eor)?an  sceatas.       Ic  )7aet  oft  geseah 
golde  gegierwed,       \>2^t  guman  druncon, 
since  ^  seolfre.       Secge  se  ]?e  cunne, 
wisfaestra  hwylc       hwaet  seo  wiht  sy. 

68  9.    Ms  ealdnc. 

67  {Gr  fV  6%).      2.    Unless  otherwise  statedy  these  defecti've passages  are 
left  exactly  as  arranged  in  Gr  W, 


I 


KiDUlesf  49 


68. 

Ic  ]>a.  wiht  geseah       onweg  feran; 

heo  waes  wr^tlice,       wundraw,  gegierwed. 

Wundor  wearS  on  wege  :       waeter  wear's  to  bane. 

69. 

Wiht  is  wraetlic       )?am  |?e  hyr[e]  wTsan  ne  conn : 
singeS  j^urh  sidan  ;       is  se  sweora  woh 
or]?oncum  geworht ;       hafa)?  eaxle  t[w]a 
scearp  on  gescyldrum.       His  gesceapo  [dreoge^], 
5)7e  swa  wrsetllce       be  wege  stonde  Fol.  126a 

heah  -3  hleortorht       haelej^um  to  nytte. 

70. 

Ic  eom  rices  ^ht       reade  bew^fed. 
Sti^  ^  steap  wong,       sta];ol  waes  Tu  |?a 
wyrta  wlitetorhtra ;       nu  eom  wraj>ra  laf, 
fyres  ^  feole,       faeste  genearwad, 
5  wire  geweor);ad.       Wepe^  hwllum 
for  minum  gripe,       se  ]?e  gold  wigeS, 

'ponne  ic  y)?an  sceal 

hringum  gehyrsted  me 

68  {Gr  W  69)  2.,  At  the  end  of  this  line  is  the  sign  that  usually  marks 
the  conclusion  of  a  riddle  {see  Illustrations),  and  the  next  line  begins  ivith  a  large 
capital.      It  is  <juite  possible  that  ive  hwve  here  tivo  unconnected  fragments. 

69  {Gr  W  70).      I.   Ms  hyra. 

3.  Ms  tua. 

4.  Gr*j  emendation  ,•   no  gap  in  the  Ms. 


50  KiUUUfif 

dryhtne  min    .... 

lo wlite  bete. 

71- 

Ic  waes  lytel 

.   .   ante  geaf ^ 

we  );e  unc  gemjene 

sweostor  mIn 

sfedde  mec feower  teah 

swSse  broJ7or,       |?ara  onsundran  gehwylc 

dasgtiduw  me      drincan  sealde 

)?urh  )?yrel  );earle.       Ic  l?[a]h  on  lust, 

o)>l?aet  ic  waes  yldra       ^  )7aet  anforlet 
losweartuw  hyrde  ;       sT)7ade  widdor, 

mearcpaj^as  Wala  traed,        moras  pae^de 

bunden  under  beame,       beag  haefde  on  healse ; 

wean  on  laste,       weorc,  ];rowade, 

earfo^a  d^l.       Oft  mec  isern  scod 
issare  on  sTdan  ;       ic  swigade, 

naefre  meldade       monna  ^nguw, 

gif  me  ordstaepe       egle  wSron. 

JO  {Gr  pf^  jl).      lo.  My  examination  of  the  Ms  completely  confirms  fVs 
assertion  that  hetefol/oivs  wlite  immediately. 

71  (Gr   PF  jz).      I,  2.  lyt  and  ante  are  still  unmistakably  to   be  deci- 
phered  in  the  Ms. 
8.   Ms  psh. 
II.  Ms  Walas.      Gr'' s  emendation. 


HiDDles^  51 

72. 

Ic  on  wonge  aweox,       w[u]node  }7sr  mec  feddon 
hruse  ^  heofonw[oIcn],  o]?);aet  [onhwyrfdon  me]       F'^'- 
gearum  frodne,       J)a  me  grome  wurdon,  ^^ 

of  p2ere  gecynde,       ]7e  ic  aer  cwic  beheold, 
5onwendan  mine  wTsan,       wegedon  mec  of  earde, 
gedydon  )?aet  ic  sceolde       wi)>  gesceape  minum 
on  bonan  willan       bugan  hwllum. 
NQ  eom  mines  frean       folme  by   .   go   .   . 
....   Ian  d^l,       gif  his  ellen  deag, 

ioo)});e  aefter  dome  ri 

dan  mSrJ^a  fremman, 

wyrcan  w 

.   .   ec   .   on  j^eode  iitan  we 

pe  -;]  to  wroht  stap   .   .   . 

15 

.   .   .   n  eorp,  eaxle  gegyrde 

wo 

^  swiora  smael,  sidan  fealwe 

]?on«^  mec  hea)7osigel 

losclr  besclne^  ^  mec 

f^gre  feorma^       ^  on  fyrd  wige^ 
craefte  on  haefte.       CuS  is  wide, 
|?aet  ic  )?rTst[r]a  sum       ];eofes  craefte 

72  (Gr  ^  73).      I.    Ms  wonode. 
2.    Ms    heofonwlonc.      Gr^s  fne    emendation.      Ms     me     onhwyrfdon. 
Herz's  emendation  for  the  alliteration. 
23.   M;  prista. 


52  KiUtJle0 

under  [b]  raegnlocan       ; 

25  hwilum  eawunga       e)7elfaesten 

forSweard  brece,       ]?aet  ^r  fri^  haefde. 
Feringe  from,       he  fus  J7onan 
wende-S,  of  ]?am  wicum,       wiga  se  |7e  mine 
wTsan  cunne.       Saga  hwaet  ic  hatte. 

73- 
Ic  waes  f^mne  geong,       feaxhar  cwene 
^  senile  rinc       on  ane  tid  ; 
fleah  mid  fuglum       ^  on  flode  sworn, 
deaf  under  y|;e       dead  mid  iiscum 
S^  on  foldan  stop;       haefde  f[e]rS  cwicu. 

74. 
Ic  swiftne  geseah  on  swa];e  feran  Fol.  127a 

•  M  +  r  N  • 

75- 
Ic  ane  geseah  idese  sittan. 

76. 

S[^]  mec  fedde,       sundhelm  J^eahte, 
^  mec  y|7a  wrugon       eor)7an  getenge, 

72   24.    Ms  hraegnlocan.     ./^fter  this  ivord   there  is   no  gap    in  the  Ms. 
D  supplied  hwTlum  ne'5e;  Gr  bealde  ne^e. 

27.  Gr  feringa. 

28.  Gr  W  has  a  colon  after  wTcum,  apparently  making  wiga  a  vocative. 
With  that  punctuation^  ivho  is  the  he  of  I.  2^  ? 

IZ  {Gr  fV  74).      5.    Ms  for-S  ;    Th' s  emendation. 
76  [Gr  W  -]!).      1.   Ms  Se. 


KiDtilrfi?  53 


fe)7elease ;       oft  ic  flode  ongean 
muS  ontynde.       Nu  wile  monna  sum 
5  min  flsEsc  fretan  ;       felles  ne  recccS, 
si)7)7an  he  me  of  sidan       seaxes  orde 

hyd  arype^ ec  h[w]    . 

J7e  siJ7)7an  ite^       unsodene  eac  .  .  .  . 


11' 


Oft  ic  flodas 

...   as  cynn  minum  •-( 

yde  me  to  mos 

swa  ic  him 

^ an  ne  aet  ham  gesast  .   . 

flote  cwealde 

J7urh  or)?onc yj7um  bewrigene. 

78. 

Ic  eom  ae)7elinges       aeht  ^  willa. 

79. 
Ic  eom  ae|7elinges       eaxigestealla, 
fyrdrinces  gefara,       frean  minum  leof, 
cyninges  geselda.       Cwen  mec  hwllum 
hwTtloccedu  hond       on  lege'S, 
5eorles  dohtor,       ]?eah  hlo  ae|7elu  sy. 
Haebbe  me  on  bosme       |7aet  on  bearwe  geweox. 
Hwllum  ic  on  wloncuw       wicge  ride 

77  {Gr  W  1%).      I.    Mi  Ofl. 


54  HiDDlcsf 

herges  on  ende  :        heard  is  min  tunge. 
Oft  ic  woSboran       wordleana  sum 
loagyfe  aefter  giedde.       Good  is  mln  wise, 
•^  ic  sylfa  salo.       Saga  hwaet  ic  hatte. 

80. 

Ic  eom  byledbreost,       belcedsweora ;  Fol  izjb 

heafod  haebbe       ^  heane  steort, 
eagan  ^  earan       ^  aenne  foot, 
hrycg  ^  heard  nebb,       hneccan  steapne 
5*^  sidan  twa,       sag  on  middum, 
eard  ofer  aelduw.       Aglac  dreoge, 
)?^r  mec  wege^       se  );e  wudu  hrere^, 
^  mec  stondende       streamas  beata^ 
haegl  se  hearda       ^  hrim  J^eceS 
10.   .   orst   .   .   .   .   eo  scS       ^  fealle^  snaw 

j^yrelwombne       ^  ic  }7aet 

mast       .   .   .   sceaft  mine. 


81. 

Wiht 

ongende  greate  swilge^ 

....   11  ne  fliesc  fotum  gong 

5 

.  .   sceal  msela  gehwam 

80  {Gr  fV  %\).      7.    S'v  proposes  wSgelS  on  metrical  grounds. 


HiUtlleflf  55 

82. 

Frod  waes  mln  fromcynn, 

biden  in  burgum,        si)7)?an  b^les  weard 

wera       life  bewunden, 

fyre  gef^lsad.       Nu  me  fah  waraS 
seor]}2Ln  br6)?or,       se  me  ^rest  wear's 

gumena  to  gyrne  ;       ic  ful  gearwe  gemon 

hwa  mln  fromcynn,       fruman,  agette 

call  of  earde  ;       ic  him  yfle  ne  mot ; 

ac  ic  haeftnyd       hwilum  arsere 
rowTde  geond  wongas.       Haebbe  ic  wund[r]a  fela, 

middangeardes       maegen  unlytel ; 

ac  ic  mT|;an  sceal       monna  gehwylcu;w 

degolfulne  dom       dyran  craeftes, 

siSfaet  minne.       Saga  hvvaet  ic  hatte. 

83. 

An  wiht  is       wundrum  acenne[d] 

hreoh  ^  re]7e  ;       hafaS  ryne  strongne  ;  Fol.  128a 

grimme  grymeta'S       ^  be  grunde  fareS. 

Modor  is  monigra       m^rra  wihta. 

82  (Gr  /i^  83).      I,    Gr  supplies  haefde  fela  wintra. 
3.    T/ie  number  of  letters  missing  here  has  been  disputed.    Sch  says  about 
ten  betiveen  baeles  and  wera.    In  fact^  betiveen  weard  and  wera  there  is  exactly 
the  same  space  as  that  taken   in   the  line  beloiu   by  e  fah   wara'5,  /.  e.  at  least 
nine  letters.    Holt  (Anglia,  xxi'v.  26^)  conjectures  llge. 

9.  Ms  ac  ic  on. 

10.  Ms  wunda. 

%^  {Gr  fV  84),      I.    Ms  acenne^.    The  first  half  of  the  line  is  imperfect. 


56  Miuules; 

5F£eger  ferende       funda^  sefre  ; 
neol  is  nearograp.       NSnig  6J?rum  maeg 
wlite  ^  wTsan     wordum  gecy);an, 
hu  mislic  bi)?       maegen  ]?ara  cynna. 
Fyrn  for^gesceaft       Faeder  ealle  bewat, 

loor  ^  ende,       swylce  an  Sunu, 
msere  Meotudes  beam,       |7urh 

^  ]>c€t  hyhste  m^st )7es  gae  .   . 

dyre  craeft   .   .   .   . 

onne  hy  aweorp   .   .   . 

15 )?e  ^nig  ];ara  .... 

f  .   r  ne  maeg  .  . 


6)7er  cynn  eorj^an J?on  ^r  waes 

wlitig  "^  wynsum 

2oBi)7  sio  moddor       maegene  eacen, 

wundru;w  bewrej^ed,       wistum  gehladen, 

hordum  gehroden,       haele)7um  dyre. 

Maegen  bi^  gemiclad,       meaht  gesweotlad; 

wlite  bi)7  geweorj^ad       wuldornyttingum. 
25Wynsu/;2  wuldorgimm       w[oIcn]uw  getenge, 

cl^ngeorn  biS  ^  cystig,       craefte  eacen  ; 

hlo  bi|?  eadgum  leof,       earmuw  get^se, 

freolic,  sellic.       Fromast  -]  swlj^ost, 

gifrost  ^  grsedgost       grundbedd  tridej; 
3o)^aes  ]>t  under  lyfte       aloden  wurde 

^  aslda  beam       eagum  sawe. 

83    12.     The  Ms  has  gae,  not  tze.       25.    Ms  wloncum,       Gr"" s  conjecture  y 
cf.  Riddle  72,  /.  2. 


KiDDles?  57 

Swa  ])^t  wuldor  wife^       worldbearna  maege[n], 

J^eah  )?e  fer|?um  gleaw       , 

mon  mode  snottor,       mengo  wundra.  Fol.  128b 

35  Hrusan  bib  heardra,       haelej?um  frodra, 

geofum  bi|7  gearora,       gimmu/w  deorra  ; 

worulde  wlitiga^,       waestmum  tydrcS, 

firene  dwsesce^ 

oft  utan  beweorpe^       anre  )7ecene 
4owundrum  gewlitegad       geond  werj^eode, 

])^t  wafia'S       weras  ofer  eorfjan, 

]?aet  magon  micle eafte 

bi)?  stanum  bestrej?ed,  stormum 

timbred  weall 

45]7rym ed 

.  .  .  hrusan  hrlne^       h 

g^^gc  oft 

searwum 

dea^Se  ne  fele^ 

5o)^eah  ])e 

du  hreren  hrif  wundig 

risse  hord. 

Word  onhlld  haele]?um  g 

wreoh,       wordum  geopena, 

55  hu  mislic  sy       maegen  );ara  cy   .  . 

83   32.   Ms  maege. 
33.    Gr  supplies  gefrigen  haebbe  :   t^ere  is  no  gap  in  the  Ms. 
38.    TAere  is  no  gap  in  the  Ms. 

53-5.    Holt    conjectures:     Hord  word[a]    onhlld,   haelepum    g[eswutela], 
[wisdom  on] wreoh,  wordum  geopena,  hu  mislic  sy  maegen  para  [cynna]. 


58  mMts 

84. 

Nis  mln  sele  swTge       ne  ic  sylfa  hlud 

ymb ;       unc  Driht[en]  scop 

si)?  aetsomne.       Ic  eom  swi[r|tre  ])onne  he, 
J7ragum  strengra,       he  |7reohtigra  ; 
5hwllum  ic  me  reste,       he  sceal  y^nan  forS. 
Ic  him  in  wunige       a  J^enden  ic  lifge  ; 
gif  wit  unc  gedselaS,       me  bib  dea^  witod. 

85. 

Wiht  cwom  gongan,       ]i^r  weras  sseton 
monige  on  mae^le       mode  snottre  ; 
haefde  an  eage       ^  earan  twa 
^  II  fet,       XII  hund  heafda, 
5liryc[g]  ^  wombe       "j  honda  twa, 
earmas  ^  eaxle,       anne  sweoran  Fol.  129a 

*^  sTdan  twa.       Saga  hwaet  ic  hatte. 

86. 

Ic  seah  wundorlice  wiht ;       wombe  haefde  micle, 
]7ry)7um  ge)7rungne.       pegn  folgade 
maegenstrong  ^  mundrof ;       micel  me  );uhte, 
godlic  gumrinc  ;       gJ"^?  o"  sona 
fheofones  toj^e 

84  {Gr  frSs).     2.    Ms  driht. 

3.    Afs  swistre.      5.    Tupper  rinmnf  J  aUiteran. 

85  {Gr  W  86).      5.    Ms  hryc. 

86  (Gr  ;^  87).      5.   No  gap  in  the  Ms. 


UiUUlesf  59 


bIeo[w]  on  cage;       hlo  bo [r] cade, 
[)7]ancode  willum.       Hlo  wolde  sej?eah 


mol 


87. 


Ic  weox  );Sr  ic  s 
^  sumor  mi   .   ^   . 
5  me  waes  min  tin 


d   ic   on  staS[ol] 

um  geong  svva  . 


10 se  weana  oft  geond 

f  geaf. 

Ac  ic  uplong  stod,       )?^r  ic 

^  ml[n]  br6);or  ;       begen  w^ron  hearde  ; 

eard  waes  ])y  weor^ra       ]?e  wit  on  stodan, 
i5hyrstum  ]7y  hyrra.       Ful  oft  unc  holt  wrugon, 

wudubeama  helm       wonnu;w  nihtuw, 

scildon  wis  scurum.       Unc  gescop  Meotud. 

NQ  unc  m^ran  twam       magas  uncre 

sculon  aefter  cuman,       eard  oSfringan 
aogingran  bro);or.       Eom  ic  gumcynnes 

86  6.    Ms  bleowe  and  boncade. 

7.  Ms  wancode  ;  cf.  0.  E.  woncol  and  Ger.  wanken.  But  it  is  difficulty 
if  not  impossible,  to  assign  a  meaning  to  wancian  that  ivould  accord  with  wil- 
lum.     Tupper  wanode. 

87  (Cr  ;F88).      13.    .l/i  mine. 


6o  mm\t& 

anga  ofer  eor];an.       Is  min  baec 

wonn  ^  wundorlic;     ic  on  wuda  stonde 

hordes  on  ende.       Nis  mIn  br6l7or  her, 

ac  ic  sceal  hro)?orleas       hordes  on  ende 
25Sta)7ol  weardian,       sto[n]dan  faeste  ; 

ne  wat  hw^r  min  hroj^or       on  wera  ^htum 

eor)?an  sceata       eardian  sceal,  Fol.  129b 

se  me  ser  he  healfe       heah  eardade. 

Wit  waeron  gesome       saecce  to  fremman  ; 
30  ne  n^fre  uncer  aw]?er        his  ellen  cy^de, 

swa  wit  j^aere  headwe       hegen  ne  on);ungan. 

Nu  mec  unsceafta       innan  slTtacS, 

wyrda)?  mec  he  wombe ;       ic  gewendan  ne  maeg. 

Mt  ])am  spore  findeS       sped  se  ]7e  se[ce^] 
35 sawle  r^des. 

88. 


wiht  womhe  h^efd   .   ,   . 

re  le)?re  waes 

heg hindan 

5  grette  wea worhte, 

hwTlum  eft )^ygan, 

him  J?oncade  si)7)7an 

.   .   .   swsesendum  swylce  )?rage. 

87  25.   Ms  stodan. 
34.   Gr  se[ce'5]. 


IStilSUsi  6 1 

89. 

Min  heafod  is       homere  ge)7uren, 
searoplla  wund,       sworfen  feole. 
Oft  ic  begine  J^aet  me  ongean  stica^, 

]7on«^  ic  hnltan  sceal       hringum  gyrded 
shearde  wiS  hearduw,       hindan  )7yrel 
for^  ascufan       )?aet  [frean  mines] 
mod  -  •     P"    •  rreo|?a^       middelnihtum. 
Hwllum  ic  under  baec       bregde  nebbe,  Fol.  130a 

hyrde  |7aes  hordes,       ponne  mIn  hlaford  wile 
lolafe  l^icgan,       ]?ara  pe  he  of  life  het 
waelcraef[te]  awrecan,       willuw  sinu/w. 

90. 

Ic  waes  brunra  beot,       beam  on  holte, 
freolic  feorhbora       ^  foldan  waestm, 
wy[nn]sta|?ol       ^  wifes  sond, 
gold  on  geardum.       Nil  eom  gu^wigan 
shyhtlic  hildewsepen,       hringe  bete 


byre^  o];rum 


89  (Gr   TV  ()l.    Gr  JV  <)0  is  the  Latin  riddle  gi'ven  in  the  Notes).      I. 
Here,    and  in   Beowulf  128J.     Gr'' s  conjecture  gepruen   is  supported  by  S'v 

6.   Herz^s  emendation  for  the  alliteration, 

1 1 .    Ms  waelcraef.      There   is  space  for  one  or  tivo  {certainly  not  more') 
missing  letters,  plus  the  usual  inter-val  befween  tivo  ivords. 

90  {Gr  W  92).      3.   Ms  wym  stapol. 


62  laiauto 

91. 

Frea  min 

.   .   .   de  willum  sinuw 

heah  -^  hyht sc[e]arpne 

hwilu;/z 

5[h]wilum  sohte  frea as, 

wod  daegrime  frod       deo  [pe  stre]  amas  ; 
hwiluw  stealc  hli);o       stigan  sceolde 
up  in  e);el ;       hwiluw  eft  gewat 
in  deop  dalu       dugu];e  secan 
10  strong  on  staepe,       stanwongas  grof 
hrlmighearde  ;       hwllum  hara  scoc 
forst  of  feax[e].       Ic  of  fQsum  rad, 

91  (Gr  IV  93).  1-5.  It  }ia%  not  seemed  to  me  ivorth  ivhile  to  upset  the 
,  numbering  of  the  lines  of  this  riddle  as  established  in  Gr  W.  But  it  is  neces- 
sary to  call  attention  to  the  foUotving  facts  :  The  number  of  omitted  letters^  as 
calculated  by  Sch,  is  zj  in  the  first  gap.,  26  in  the  second.,  20  in  the  third,  22 
in  the  fourth^  and  ly  in  the  fifth.,  making.,  ivith  the  legible  parts,  a  total  of 
jy^  letters  in  the  first  (I've  lines,  i.  e.,  5-5  to  a  line.  In  the  first  fi-ve  perfect 
lines  of  this  riddle,  II.  7-1 1,  the  total  of  letters  is  J26,  or  2^  to  a  line.  There- 
fore, if  Sch's  estimate  of  the  number  of  missing  letters  is  correct,  the  mutilated 
opening  of  the  riddle  must  ha-ve  occupied  at  least  six  lines  :  an  a-verage  of  jj 
to  the  line  is  obviously  too  great.  I  have  transferred  wod  to  the  beginriing  of 
I.  6.  Since  ivriting  the  first  part  of  this  note  I  have  ascertained  the  exact 
measurements.,  ivhich  may  be  of  use  to  those  ivho  take  pleasure  in  attempting 
restorations.  The  measurements  are  in  millimetres  :  the  number  of  millimetres 
divided  by  four  gives  approximately  the  number  of  letters  that  are  missing. 
Betiveen  min  (/.  i  )  and  de  (2),  //j  mm.  ;  betzvccn  sinu  (2)  and  heah  (3), 
7/5>  mm.  ;  betiveen  hyht  (3)  and  scearpne  (3),  log  mm.  ;  betiveen  hwilu 
(4)  and  hwilum  (5),  loi  mm.  ;   betiveen  frea  (5)  and  as  (5),  /J*  mm. 

6.    Sch'' s  conjecture. 

12.    Ms  feax. 


HiMlefi;  63 

o];))aet  him  );one  gle[o]  wstol       gingr[a]  bro)7or 

mill  agnade       ^  mec  of  earde  adraf. 
i5Sif»)?an  mec  Tsern       innanweardne 

brun  bennade ;       blod  ut  ne  com, 

heolfor  of  hrej^re,       |;eah  mec  heard  bite 

stiSecg  style.       No  ic  ]?§  stunde  bemearn, 

ne  for  wunde  weop,       ne  wrecan  meahte 
20 on  vvigan  feore       wonnsceaft  mine; 

ac  ic  aglseca       ealle  ];olige,  Fol.  130b 

])\Jl  )>]e  bord  biton.       Nu  ic  blace  swelge 

wuda  ^  waetre,       w[ombe]  befae^me 

|;aEt  mec  on  fealle^       ufan,  ];^r  ic  stonde, 
i5eo[rpe]s  nathwaet ;       haebbe  anne  fot. 

Nu  min  hord  vvaraS       hT);ende  feond, 

se  )?e  2Br  wide  baer       wulfes  gehle)?an, 

oft  me  of  wombe       bewaden  fere^, 

steppeS  on  sti^S  bord       

-Q ])onne  daegcondel 

.   sunne   

[wjeorc  eagum  wlTteS  "^  sp 

92. 

Smi)? d 

hyrre  Iponne  heofon 

dre  |;on«^  sunne, 

91    13.   Ms  glciVfStol  and  gmgran. 

22.  Ms  "^  te. 

23.  Sch  womb[e?].    Noiv  the  w  alone  appean. 
25.    D^s  conjecture. 


64  MiDDle0 

style, 

5smeare  ]}onne  sealt  ry 

leofre  ]>onne  J?is  leoht  call,       leohtre  ]}onne  w 


93- 
Ic  eom  indryhten       ^  eorlum  cu^, 
^  reste  oft,       ricum  ^  heanu/w 
folcuw  gefr^ge  ;       fer[e]  wide, 
^  me  fremd[um]  ser       freondum  stonde'5 
5hT);endra  hyht,       gif  ic  habban  sceal 
bl^d  in  burgum       o]}])e  beorht[e]  god. 
Nil  snottre  men       swl);ast  lufia); 
midwist  mine ;       ic  monigum  sceal 
wisdom  cyj;an  ;       no  ]7ier  word  spreca^ 
losenig  ofer  eor^an.       peah  nu  aelda  beam, 
londbuendra,       lastas  mine 
swT]?e  seca^,       ic  swaj?e  hwTlum 
mine  beml]?e       monna  gehwylcum. 


93  (Gr  TV  95).      3.    Mi  fere^;  Th" i  conjecture:  in  text, 
4.   Mi  fremdes.    My  conjecture  in  text. 
6.  Ms  beorhtne. 


i^ote^ 


Solutions  are  given  at  the  head  of  the  notes  on  each  riddle  only  ivhen  they 
are  certainly  correct^  or  highly  probable^  or  ivhen  a  single  suggestion  at  present 
holds  the  field.  In  all  other  cases  reference  should  be  made  to  the  table  of  solutions^ 
pages  •viii-xii. 

ABBREVIATIONS    IN    THE    NOTES 

The  following  abbreviations  are  used  in  the  Notes  : 

Brooke  =  History  of  E.    E.    Literature  by   Stopford  A.  Brooke,  2  vols. 
(London  1892). 
B-T.  =  An  Anglo-Saxon  Dictionary  by  Dr.  Bosworth  and  T.  N.  Toller 

(Oxford  1 882-1908). 
Cosijn  =  Anglosaxonica  in  Paul  und  Braune's  BeitrUge  xxiii.  128-30. 
Diet.  =  Dietrich's  articles  in  Haupt's  Zeitschrift  fiir  Deutsches  Altertum 

XI.  (1859)  and  XII.  (1865). 
Grein  =  Dichtungen   der  Angelsachsen    stabreimend  ubersefzt  -von  C.  W. 
M.  Grein  (Zweite  Ausgabe,  1863). 
Gr-fV.  =  Bibliothek  der  Angelsdchischen  Poesie,  iii.  Band,  i.  Halfte  (Leipzig, 
1897),  edited  by  Assmann. 
Herzfeld  =  Die  Riitsel  des  Exeterbuches  undihr  Verfasser  von  Georg  Herzfeld 
(Berlin  1890). 
Prehn  =  Komposition  und  Snellen  der  Riitsel  des  Exeterbuches  by  August 

Prehn,  Neuphilologischen   Studien    iii.   (1883). 
Sien).  =  Sievers'  OE.  Grammar  (Cook's  translation.    New  York  1903). 
Sprach.  =  Sprachschafz  der  Angelsdchischen   Dichter  (1864)   by   Christian 
W.  M.  Grein. 
Traut.  =  Article  by  Trautmann  in  Anglia  Beiblatt  5  (1895). 
Traut.'^  =   Alte  und  Neue  Antivorten  auf  AltengUsche  Rdtsel  in  Heft  xix. 

of  Bonner  Beitrd'ge  (1905). 
Tupper  =  Articles  by  F.   Tupper,  Jr.,  in  Modern  Language  Notes  xviii. 
(Baltimore  1903),  nos.  I  and  4. 


66  iliotefif 


Wah  =z  Notes  on  the  A.  S.  Riddles  by  John  A.Walz  in  Harvard  Stud- 
ies and  Notes  in  Philology  and  Literature  vol.  v.  (Child  Memo- 
rial Volume),  1896. 

I.   Storm  on   Land 

Are  the  first  Three  Riddles  one  riddle  ? 

In  1895  (when  his  edition  of  the  Riddles  was  '*  really  about  to  appear"), 
Traut.  said  Yes. 

In  1903,  E.  Erlermnn  (^^rc/iiv  fiir  das  Studium  der  Neueren  Sprachtn  in. 
49  seq. )  answered  more  emphatically,  that  R.  i-iii  are  undoubtedly  a  whole 
built  up  in  the  strictest  order.  In  R.i  the  storm  in  general  is  described.  After 
that,  the  different  parts  of  the  riddle  commence  with,  and  are  marked  off 
by,  the  word  hivilum  (see  2^,  3',  3'^,  3^^).  Of  these  four  parts,  (i)  the  first 
(R.2)  is  a  submarine  earthquake.  "  The  storm  is  under  the  waves.  It  is  at 
the  bottom  of  the  sea,  and  stirs  up  not  so  much  the  waves  as  the  floor  of 
the  sea  itself.  The  poet  feels  the  necessity  of  distinguishing  R.2  as  sharply  as 
possible  from  R.3'^~^^,  the  description  of  a  real  sea  storm."  (2)  The  second 
(R.3'"^'')  is  the  earthquake,  the  storm  under  the  upper  surface  of  the  earth. 
"  The  storm  is  in  the  poet's  view  the  scientific  explanation  of  the  earthquake. 
,  .  .  In  his  Z)^  Natura  Rerum  Beda  gives  the  customary  medieval  explana- 
tion of  the  earthquake,  which  he  derived  from  the  work  of  the  same  name 
by  Isidor  of  Seville.  The  conception  is  the  same  as  that  on  which  the  A.S. 
poet  built  his  riddle  :  the  wind  compressed  in  the  hollow  of  the  earth  seeks 
with  violence  to  force  its  way  upward,  and  so  the  earthquake  comes  about." 
(3)  The  third  (R.3'^~^^)  ''gives  not  simply  a  continuation  of  the  first 
section,  but  an  entirely  different  representation,  '  Storm  at  sea,'  described  with 
the  greatest  artistic  skill  .  .  .  The  storm  itself  appears  here,  not  simply,  as  in 
(l)  and  (2),  as  the  supposed  cause  of  the  earthquake."  (4)  In  the  fourth 
part  (R.  336-66^  "the  solution  'Thunderstorm'  is  not  correct.  It  should 
be  '  Thunder  '  itself,  for  the  storm  is  here  again  merely  the  scientific  explana- 
tion of  natural  phenomena.  Beda  describes  a  thunderstorm  in  a  similar 
manner."  (5)  Lastly,  the  four  hivllums  of  the  summary  {Zusammer.fassung 
R.  3^7  seq.j  correspond  exactly  with  the  four  sections  of  the  description 
proper  which  begin  with  hivtlum,  except  that  here  the  order  is  (2)  (i)  (3) 
(4.)* 

*  This  is  as  full  a  summary  of  a  longish  article  as  space  permits,  and  ii 
unbiased  in  intention. 


What  are  we  to  say  to  all  this  ?  It  will  be  seen  that  I  have  not  followed 

Traut.'s  example,  but  have  numbered  them  as  three  distinct  riddles.  As  regards 
R.  I  it  seems  to  me  that  the  opposition  has  no  case.  On  the  other  hand, 
hiv'tlum  in  2'  seems  definitely  to  anticipate  another  h~^utlum,  and  the  next 
hivTlum  (3^)  follows  without  a  gap  in  the  MS.  and  without  even  a  capital 
letter.*  But  it  will  be  seen  from  the  foot-notes  to  the  text  {e.  g.  27",  42^^, 
47^)  that  the  scribe's  practice  in  marking  off  one  riddle  from  another  seems 
to  vary  unintelligently.  On  the  whole,  then,  it  appears  to  me  that  R.  2  and 
3  are  parts  of  one  considerable  design,  in  which  the  poetic  element  predomi- 
nates markedly  over  the  enigmatic  ;  but  that,  since  the  riddle-question  is  so 
prominent  in  R.  2'^"'^,  the  poet  may  have  intended  to  subdivide  it  for  rid- 
dling purposes,  and  in  any  case  we  are  justified  in  maintaining  the  familiar 
division.  It  is  to  be  noted  that  the  riddle-question  is  always  indirect ;  so  that 
the  Jirect  question  of  3^^  is  to  be  regarded  as  rhetorical,  and  does  not  justify 
Erlemann's  reference  to  it  as  a  riddle-question. 

R.  I  "follows,  not  verbally,  but  motive  for  motive,  Pliny's  account  of 
Water  {Nat.  Hist.  Bk.  xxxi.  C.i)  :  *  Terras  de-vorant  aquae;  fiammas  ne- 
cant ;  scandunt  in  sublime  et  caelum  quoque  sibi  'vindicant  :  ac  nubium  obtentu 
•vitalem  spiritum  strangulant,  qua  causa  fulmina  elidunt,  ipso  secum  discordante 
mundo.  S^uid  esse  mirabilius  potest  aquis  in  caelo  stantibus  f  At  illae  ceu 
parum  sit  in  tantum  per-venire  altitudinem  rapiunt  eo  secum  piscium  examina  : 
sape  etiam  lapides  sub'vehunt,  portantes  aliena  ponder  a.""  The  '■calculus  of  proba- 
bilities '  invites  a  doubt  whether  this  resemblance  be  a  mere  matter  of  coinci- 
dence." (Tupper.) 

Line  I.  The  construction  is  uncertain.  Gr-W.  ends  the  opening 
question  at  r'eafige^  1.  6.  I  prefer  a  short  question,  corresponding  with  the 
apostrophe  at  the  close.  What  intervenes  seems  to  fall  most  easily  into  two 
sentences,  each  consisting  of  protasis  and  apodosis.  Each  protasis  begins  with 
ponne  ^  the  apodoses  begin  at  r'ecas  and  h^bbe. 

2.  wraece  =  ivrece,  pres.  subj.  Probably  a  N.  form  (Siev.  §  391  N.  5), 
for  which  cp.  yuliana  719. 

9-1 1,  beamas  —  sended  :  *when  I,  roofed  with  water,  sent  by  the 
high  powers  a-wandering  far  to  drive,  fell  the  trees.'  Cosijn  proposes  '  wrecen,' 
which,  with  a  comma  after  '  wape,'  makes  the  translation  easier. 

*  Erlemann  ignores  the  medial  hivilum  in  3^^ 


68  iftotesf 

2.   Storm  at  Sea 

5.  hlimmeS  .  .  .  grimmeS  :  notice  the  leonine  rime,  and  cp.  15". 
The  use  of  rime  in  OE.  poetry  is  striking  because  of  its  rarity  :  there  can  be 
little  doubt  that  it  is  introduced  for  itnitati've  effects. 

7.  stealc  :  Sprach.  and  B-T.  record  this  word  only  in  the  Riddles  and 
only  with  /ilid. 

13.    breg'de  :  subjunctive  of  oratio  obliqua  (indirect  question). 

15.    wrugon  :  cp.  76*  and  87^^,  znAivreah  i";  and  see  Siev.  §  383  (2). 

3.   Storm  —  continuation  of  2. 

2,  3.  "  Sends  then  my  broad  bosom  beneath  the  fertile  plain."  This  is 
the  sole  instance  in  B-T.  of  under  governing  the  dative  when  motion  is 
implied.  Though  I  have  left  the  MS.  reading  in  the  text,  I  should  prefer 
sdlivonges  (or  sd/ivongas)  :  "  sends  [me]  under  the  broad  bosom  of  the  plain." 

5.    hsetst  :  drives,  throws  —  the  unique  occurrence  of  this  verb. 

hearde.  Thorpe  suggested  heard,  but  apparently  translated  it  as  an  ad- 
verb :  '  There  hard  sits  the  earth  on  my  back.'  There  is  no  authority  for  this 
and  I  have  found  no  close  parallel  ;  but  it  seems  to  accord  with  the  genius  of 
our  language. 

8.  hreru  :  N.  form  of  the  1st  sing.  pres.  indie. 

31.   rice  birofen  •weorj'an  :  be  deprived  of  its  dominion  [over  the  sea]. 

41.    SCeo  :  cloud(?)  — unique  occurrence. 

47.    sumsendu  :  pattering  or  rustling  —  unique  occurrence. 

62.  byrnan :  unique  occurrence  of  this  form  of  burne,  /"z/rwa,  stream, 
burn. 

63  -  4.   From  the  high  cloud-region  the  storm  descends  nearer  to  the  earth. 

69.  heah  :  I  from  on  high,  I  in  my  exaltation.  Grein  reads  '  hean,' 
and  takes  it  with  '  y15a'  =  high  waves  :  with  that  reading  I  should  prefer  to 
take  the  word  as  nom.  sing,  of  heatiy  abject,  brought  low  j  the  meaning  would 
be  almost  the  same  as  with  heah. 

74.   beom  in  the  dialects  =  WS.  bio. 

4. 

Prehn  supports  the  answer  "millstone"  by  quotations  from  Latin  riddles, 
in  which,  as  in  several  other  instances,  I  find  nothing  pertinent  to  our  riddle. 
See  Introduction,  Index. 

I.  Jjegne:  master,  =  'hlaford'  (4).  Grein  translates  *  Diener,'  but  one 
does  not  obey  one's  servant. 


jpote0  69 

2.  hringan:  dat.  pi.  (Siev.  §  237  N.  6). 

7.  The  second  half-line  is  unmetrical. 

9.   On  Jjonce :  pleasant.    In  20^^  '  on  pone '  is  used  adverbially. 

11.  ^abr:  if  [he]  =  who. 

5.  Shield 

9,  10.   ic  a  —  gemotes:   I  must  endure  encounter  ever  more  hostile. 

12.  gehaelde.  Such  expressions  as  t£/c  Sara  5e  are  regularly  followed  by 
a  sing,  verb  in  OE.,  de  agreeing  (contrary  to  modern  syntax)  with  the  remoter 
antecedent  ale.  Cp.  39^^.  The  same  agreement  is  found  very  commonly 
after  Sara  Se,  even  where  the  remoter  antecedent,  as  here  (Iscecynn),  is  sepa- 
rated by  intervening  words.  Cp.  39'5and  note.  In  28'°  there  is  no  remoter 
antecedent.  In  34^  the  same  construction  is  found  with  'pa  pe '  with  a 
plural  antecedent.  All  these  apparent  examples  of  a  plural  subject  with  a  sing, 
verb  occur  in  subordinate  clauses.  Occasionally  we  even  find  the  same  con- 
struction in  a  principal  clause,  as  in  Beoivulf  go^  :  '*  Hine  sorhwylmas  lemede 
to  lange." 

13*   ecga  dolg:  wounds  made  by  the  edges  of  swords. 

6.  Sun 
See  foot-note  to  the  text. 

8,  9.  hi  Jjaes  —  5j?res:  i.e.  they  feel  both  my  injuries  and  my  bene- 
fits. 

7.  Swan 

8. 

See  foot-note  to  the  text. 

Of  the  solutions  given  in  the  Index  the  nightingale  is  easily  first  favourite.  And 
may  one  not  ask  :  who  else  could  the  *  eald  sfensceop  '  be  }  What  could  be 
more  joyous  and  delicate  than  this  little  jewel  of  a  poem  .?  It  is  worthy  of  its 
subject.    It  is  the  "  creature  of  a  fiery  heart." 

"  I  quote  here  the  whole  of  Ealdhelm's  riddle  De  Luscinia  in  order  to  con- 
found those  who  say  that  Cynewulf  in  his  Riddles  is  a  mere  imitator  of  the 
Latin.  In  the  Latin  there  is  not  a  trace  of  imagination,  of  creation.  In  the 
English  both  are  clear.  In  the  one  a  scholar  is  at  play,  in  the  other  a  poet  is 
making. 

"  Vox  mea  diversis  variatur  pulcra  figuris, 
Raucisonis  nunquam  modulabor  carmina  rostris, 
Spreta  colore  tamen^  sed  non  sum  spreta  canendo. 


70  jpotes; 

Sic  non  cesso  canens,  fato  terrente  future  : 
Nam  me  bruma  fugat,  sed  mox  aestate  redibo." 

Almost  every  riddle,  the  subject  of  which  Cynewulf  took  from  Ealdhelm, 
Symphosius,  or  Eusebius,  is  as  little  really  imitated  as  that.  Even  the  riddle  De 
Creatura,  the  most  closely  followed  of  them  all,  is  continually  altered  towards 
imaginative  work."  —  Stopford  Brooke. 

The  above  passage  is,  I  think,  of  sufficient  interest  to  justify  quotation. 
The  Introduction  will  have  made  it  clear  that  I  do  not  agree  with  the  state- 
ment, that  "almost  every  riddle  is  as  little  really  imitated  as  that."  I  doubt 
if  there  is  any  imitation  at  all  here. 

9.   Cuckoo 

The  lOOth  riddle  of  Symphosius  is  on  the  '  cuculus  '  :  it  is  worth  quoting 
in  itself,  and  is  a  good  illustration  of  what  may  be  called  indebtedness  in  the 
second  degree. 

"  Frigore  digredior,  redeunte  calore  revertor. 

Desero  quod  peperi ;  hoc  tamen  edffcat  altera  mater. 
Quid  tibi  vis  aliud  dicam  ?  me  vox  mea  prodit." 

( In  winter  I  depart ;  when  the  warmth  returns  I  come  back.  My  offspring 
I  abandon,  but  another  mother  rears  it.  What  else  do  you  want  me  to  tell 
you  ?  My  voice  betrays  me. ) 

4.  wel  hold  me  :  very  faithful  to  me.  This  half-line  is  metrically  de- 
fective. 

8.   ungesibbum  :  towards  or  amongst  those  who  were  no  kin  of  mine. 

10. 

Trautmann  argues  at  length  for  his  second  solution  *  Anchor  '  and  against 
Stopford  Brooke's  tempting  'Barnacle  goose*  in  Bonner  Beiir'dge  xvii.  142 
and  xix.  168.  But  his  arguments  convey  the  impression  that  he  has  neither  read 
the  passage  from  Gerarde's  Herbal/  quoted  by  Brooke  (^Hist.  of  E.  E.  Literature 
\.  247),  nor  ever  seen  a  ship  barnacle  [Lepas)  himself. 

"This  [Brooke's]  solution  is  sustained  by  the  first  enigma  in  the  collection 
of  Pincier  {Aenigmatum  Libri  Trw  Hagae  1655),  which  has  many  points  in 
common  with  the  Anglo-Saxon  :  — 

*  Sum  volucris,  nam  plumosum  mihi  corpus  et  alae 
Quarum  remigio,  quum  libet,  alta  peto.   .   .   , 
Sed  mare  me  gignit  biforis  sub  tegmine  conchae 
Aut  in  ventre  trabis  quam  tulit  unda. 


'  Solutlo  — 

•  Anseres  Scotici  quos  incolae  Clak  guyse  indigitant  ...  in  lignis  longiore 
mora  in  mare  putrefactis  gignuntur. '  The  first  literary  account  of  this  fable 
Is  found  in  the  Topographia  Hiberniae  of  Giraldus  Cambrensis  in  the  last  halt 
of  the  twelfth  century.  Giraldus,  after  a  long  description  which  tallies  remark- 
ably with  the  Anglo-Saxon,  declares  that '  bishops  and  clergymen  in  some  parts 
of  Ireland  do  not  scruple  to  dine  off  these  birds  at  the  time  of  fasting,  because 
they  are  not  flesh  nor  born  of  flesh.'  With  such  evidence  as  this,  we  must 
accept  Max  Miiller's  o^'mion  {^Science  of  Lang.  Second  Series,  1865,  552-71) 
that  *  belief  in  the  miraculous  transformation  of  the  Barnacle  Shell  into  the  Bar- 
nacle Goose  was  as  firmly  established  in  the  twelfth  as  in  the  seventeenth  cen- 
tury. '  "  — Tupper  (p.  100). 

II. 

Walz  (q.  V.)  proposes  *  Gold,'  Traut.^  (q.  v.)  *  Wine.'  I  agree  with  the 
latter  solution,  though  I  interpret  the  close  of  the  riddle  quite  differently  from 
Trautmann. 

4.  Sprach.  glosses  *  hwette  '  with  two  accusatives,  *  dole '  and  '  unraedsTpas.' 
I  agree  with  Herzfeld  that  this  is  impossible.  Grein  seems  to  take  '  dole  '  as  an 
adv.  :  "  toll  errege  ich  Unrathwege  "  (madly  I  promote  ways  of  folly) ;  but 
no  other  instance  of  such  a  usage  is  on  record  ;  the  OE.  adv.  is  dollice.  And  it 
seems  to  me  clear  that  'dole'  is  accus.  pi.,  parallel  with  *dysge.'  Herzfeld 
makes  two  suggestions:  unr^d[ge]sipas  '  (companions  in  folly),  in  apposition 
with  '  dole '  j  and  *  [on]  unrSdsTpas.'  I  prefer  the  latter,  with  which  cp.  Art' 
dreas  286  :  _ 

Usic  lust  hwete'5  on  pa  leodmearce, 
and  Seafarer  63: 

hwete'S  on  [hjwaelweg  hreper  unwearnum. 

5.  Jjaes  nowiht :  naught  of  this,  viz.  This  use  oi  pcet  {pas)^  to  antici- 
pate a  noun-clause  following,  is  very  common. 

8.  Wa  him  ]7aES  J»eawes:  woe  to  them  because  of  that  habit. 

9.  The  meaning  of  this  passage  is  much  disputed.  Diet,  suggests  that  *  horda 
deorast'  =  the  sun  ( Cosijn  approves,  but  reads /'rfwo-^^f),  a  rendering  that  staivds 
or  falls  with  his  solution  *  Night.'  Prehn  renders  :  **  wehe  ihnen  des  Treibens 
wenn  es  der  edelste  Schatz  in  die  Hohe  bringt  "  —  which  I  shall  not  attempt 
to  translate.  Sprach.  gives  heah  =  Deus,  Christus.  Walz  says  '  horda  deorast ' 
(the  dearest  of  treasures)  is  the  Word  of  God  or  the  heavenly  kingdom.  Traut.^ 
reads  *  hearm  '   for  *heah,'   and  translates:   "  spater  wird  der  teuerste  leid 


72  il^otesi 

bringen  "  (later  the  dearest  will  bring  sorrow).  I  believe  that  the  reference  is 
to  the  Day  of  Doom.  '  Horda  deorast '  may  =  soul,  mind,  spirit,  understand- 
ing, which  are  in  OE.  sometimes  called  breost-hordy  mod-hord^  sdivl-hord. 
This  interpretation  is  confirmed  by  Genesis  1 608-10: 

o'SJ^aet  breosta  herd, 
gast,  ellorfus  gangan  sceolde 
to  Godes  dome. 

We  may  translate  11.  8-10  thus  :  **  Woe  to  them  because  of  that  habit 
when  the  Lord  brings  the  soul  [to  judgment],  unless  they  first  desist  from 
folly." 

10.  Walz  points  out  correspondences  between  this  Rid.  and  no.  27:  cp.  1.  10 
with  27'^,  and  1.  6  with  27^^.  He  writes  :  "As  for  li'°and  27'^,  it  maybe 
said,  however,  that  the  same  line  occurs  in  Juliana  (1.  120)  and  a  similar 
line  occurs  in  Ehne  (1.  516).  This  makes  it  very  probable  that  the  line  was 
not  the  creation  of  any  one  poet,  but  belonged  to  the  common  stock  of  epic 
formulae.   The  other  correspondences  are  of  little  importance." 

12.  Skin,  Hide,  Leather 

This  is  one  of  the  sixteen  problems  in  which,  according  to  Tuppcr,  "  the  use 
and  development  of  one  or  more  motives  so  closely  suggest  both  the  matter 
and  manner  of  the  Latin  enigmas  that  we  can  hardly  entertain  a  doubt  of  the 
service  done  to  E.  B.  R.  by  the  earlier  and  more  bookish  puzzles."  He  refers 
in  this  case  to  Symphosius  56,  and  Ealdhelm  iii.  1 1  &  v.  8.  I  quote  and 
translate  the  first  of  these. 

Symphosius  56.    Caliga  (soldier's  boot): 

"  Major  eram  longe  quondam,  dum  vita  manebat ; 
Sed  nunc  exanimis,  lacerata,  ligata,  revulsa, 
Dedita  sum  terrae,  tumulo  sed  condita  non  sum  " 

(I  was  far  larger  once  while  life  remained  ;  but  now  I  am  lifeless,  after  being 
rent,  tied  up  and  plucked  away  ;  I  am  devoted  to  the  soil,  yet  I  am  not  buried 
in  a  tomb).  The  very  dim  supposed  resemblance  lies  in  the  fact  that  both 
riddles  begin  by  speaking  about  the  leather  when  alive,  i.e.  on  the  ox. 

7  seq.  The  strap  or  belt,  the  '  leather  bottel '  or  wine-flask,  the  boot  (or 
possibly  rug),  of  the  earlier  lines  are  easily  identified.  But  what  is  the  dark- 
haired  drunken  female  Welsh  serf  doing  on  dark  nights  (or  early  mornings)  ? 
The  processes  seem  to  be  those  of  cleaning  boots,  and  the  hand  inside  is  so 


well  hit  off.   And  after  all,  if  the  proud  lady  wears  them,  probably  the  Welsh 
slave  would  have  to  clean  them. 

8.  J'yS.  This  word,  here  and  in  21^,  was  no  doubt  disyllabic  in  the  8th 
century,  py{h)eS ;  similarly,  tykd  34"*  and  62^,  ivrtd  50*,  and  peo  44',  are  to 
be  scanned  as  disyliables. 

13. 

Diet.'s  solution  "  22  letters  of  the  alphabet  "  seems  to  me  too  grotesque  for 
discussion.  LI.  i  and  2  distinctly  say  "  10  in  all,  6  brothers  and  their  sisters 
with  them,"  i.e.  4  sisters.  Diet,  makes  10  plus  6  brothers  p/us  6  sisters  = 
22  in  all.  Then  how  does  the  alphabet  "tread  the  land"  (1.  11).?  He 
quotes  two  parallel  riddles  :  one  from  a  Heidelberg  MS.  of  the  15th  century, 
given  in  Mone's  l^ellen  und  Forsckungen  p.  120,  where  the  letters  are  22 
people  from  Greece,  of  whom  5,  the  vowels,  are  brothers  ;  the  others,  with- 
out them,  are  dumb  :  the  second  riddle  (Mone's  Anzeiger  11.  310)  is  from 
the  1 6th  century  ;  here  there  are  23,  of  which  5  are  interpreters  of  the  rest. 
My  first  and  last  impression  is  that  these  are  no  parallels  at  all,  and  that  the 
whole  thing  is  ridiculously  far-fetched. 

Traut.  solved  '  ten  young  chickens.' 

Tupper  calls  this,  "like  so  many  of  his  solutions,  an  absurdly  random 
guess.  The  Key  to  the  problem  is  presented  by  Bede's  Flores^  No.  2,  *  Vidi 
filium  cum  matre  manducantem  cujus  pellis  pendebat  in  pariete  ;  '  where  the 
*  son  '  is  evidently  the  pen,  the  •  mother  '  the  hand  and  the  '  skin  '  the  glove. 
So,  in  our  riddle,  the  ten  creatures  are  the  fingers  —  the  six  brothers  being  the 
larger,  the  four  sisters,  the  little  fingers  and  thumbs.  ...  In  popular  riddles 
the  fingers  are  always  browsing  animals.  And  the  glove  ever  hangs  on  the 
wall.  The  new  solution  is  thus  clearly  established."  Probably  to  no  one  but 
its  author,  for  it  seems  to  me  almost  as  far-fetched  as  Dietrich's. 

For  Trautmann's  reply  see  Traut. ^  177-180.  His  solution  appears  to  be 
the  right  one,  but  I  am  not  sure  that  his  interpretation  of  11.  3-5  is  correct. 
He  translates  :  **  Their  skins  hung  distinct  and  visible  on  the  wall  of  the 
house  of  each"  ;  and  explains:  *'  Besides  by  the  egg-shell,  unhatched  birds 
are  surrounded  by  an  enclosing  membrane.  When  the  young  are  hatched, 
these  membranes  (fe^^)  remain  hanging  on  the  wall  of  their  house  (on  se/es 
ivage),  the  egg-shell."  It  is  at  any  rate  possible  to  take  *  anra  gehwylces ' 
as  a  genitive  depending  on  'fell,'  to  interpret  'fell'  as  the  egg-shells,  and 
'  seles  wsege  '  as  the  wall  of  a  human  dwelling.  That  is  how  I  took  the  passage 
when  I  first  read  it,  and  I  jotted  in  the  margin  the  query  :   '  Can  they  have 


74  j^otr0 

hung  egg-shells  up  as  a  charm? '  Whether  as  a  charm  or  not,  I  am  told  that 
hens'  egg-shells  are  still  strung  up  on  the  walls  of  country  cottages  :  the 
Rev.  J.  Wesley  Green  of  Ely  tells  me  that  he  well  remembers  seeing  them 
as  recently  as  1885  at  Linton,  eleven  miles  from  Cambridge,  and  another 
friend  of  mine,  Mrs.  Travers  Sherlock,  remembers  a  string  of  such  shells 
hanging  from  the  chimney-piece  in  a  cottage  between  Smethwick  and  Warley, 
when  inhabited,  about  1887,  by  a  Mrs.  Lawton.  Of  this  practice  members 
of  the  Cambridge  Antiquarian  Society  furnished  further  confirmation. 

6.  bSah   .  .   .   SWa  :   although  (not  recorded  in  Sprach.  or  B-T.). 

II.   gewitan  =  gewiton. 

14.   Horn 

I.   waepen'wiga  :   /.  e.  when  on  the  head  of  the  ox  (Diet.). 
10.   bordum   .   .   .  behlyj^ed  =  '  heafodleas '  =  deprived  of  my  orna- 
mented, bejeweled  lids  or  covers. 

18.   As  an  alarm-horn  to  catch  thieves  (Diet.). 

15. 

Dietrich's  solution  'Badger'  has  generally  been  accepted.  Walz  proposes 
♦  Porcupine  '  :  the  neck  or  throat  of  the  badger  is  not  white,  nor  is  he  a  swift- 
footed  animal  ;  the  porcupine  was  known  to  the  Anglo-Saxons  as  '  se  mara 
igil,'  the  larger  hedgehog,  it  is  said  to  run  with  considerable  speed  at  night, 
it  has  a  white  stripe  round  the  throat.    See  note  on  1.  28. 

'  Porcupine  '  is  tempting,  but  the  evidence,  after  careful  collecting  and  weigh- 
ing, favors  *  Badger'  [Hystrix  cristata).  The  colouring  is  not  quite  accurate 
for  the  English  badger  ;  but  this  has  white  markings  on  the  head.  Dr.  Ship- 
ley, the  zoologist,  considers  the  general  resemblance  in  color  and  habits  con- 
clusive. The  decisive  consideration  with  me  is  the  prominence  given  in  the 
riddle  to  burrowing.  The  porcupine  often  shelters  in  a  burrow  by  day,  but  is  not 
a  great  burrower.  The  porcupine  "  makes  its  attack  by  rushing  backwards  "  : 
that  would  be  impossibleyor  a  porcupine  in  a  burroiv.  On  the  other  hand  I 
am  unable  to  resist  the  conclusion  that  the  following  sentences  refer  to  the 
animal  of  this  riddle  :  "  The  digging  capacities  of  the  Badger  are  very  great, 
the  animal  being  able  to  sink  itself  into  the  ground  with  marvellous  rapidity" 
(Wood,  Popular  Nat.  Hist.  p.  86).  '*  Nocturnal  in  habit,  it  spends  much 
of  the  day  in  the  spacious  burrow,  which  has  many  exits,  and  is  excavated  by 
preference  on  the  sunny  side  of  a  wooded  hill.  Though  naturally  inoffensive  in 
its  habits,  the  badger  is  capable  of  biting  when  severely  roused.    It  is  hunted 


Jpotesf  75 

with  the  help  of  dogs,  from  which  it  chiefly  seeks  to  escape  by  burrowing" 
(Nelson's  Enc\'clopaedia  1 906). 

3-5.   A  difficult  passage.    Gr-W.   reads: 

♦'me  on  baece  standa^ 
her  swylce  sue  :  on  hleorum  hlifia^ 
tu  earan  ofer  eagum  ' ' 
(on  my  back  stand  hairs  like  a  sow's  ;  on  my  cheeks  tower  two  ears  over  my 
eyes).   Maclean  [OE.  and  ME.  Reader)  has: 

**  me  on  baece  standa'5 
her,  swylce  swe  on  hleorum  ;  hlifia'5  tu 
earan  ofer  eagum  ' ' 
(on  my  back  stand  hairs,  likewise  on  my  cheeks  ;  two  ears  tower  over  my  eyes) . 
With  the  transference  of  '  her  '  to  the  preceding  line,  this  is,  I  believe,  the 
true  reading.    What  towers  over  the  eyes  does  not  stand  on  the  cheeks.    And 
the  form  ♦  su  '  for  sugu  (sow)  seems  to  rest  on  this  one  passage  ;  I  do  not  be- 
lieve it  is  an  English  form.    Sive  {sue)  for  siva  is  found  elsewhere  :  and  sivylc 
Siva,  such  as,  sivy/ce  siva,  just  as,  occur  in  combination,  but  not  the  latter  with 
the  meaning  'likewise.' 

14.  me  —  weorJ^eS:  lit.  altogether  becomes  following  me,  /.  e.  pursues 
me  very  closely. 

16.  on  geruman  :  in  my  room,  hole.  The  end  of  the  riddle  shows  that 
an  open  place  was  necessary  for  the  animal  to  defend  himself 

nele  —  teala  :  counsel  certainly  wills  not  that,  that  were  very  ill  advised. 
25.  me  on  swaj^e  :  on  my  track. 

28.  **  hildepilum,  which  occurs  again  in  17^,  refers  to  a  weapon  which 
is  thrown.  I  believe  this  line  contains  an  allusion  to  the  fabulous  mode  of  de- 
fence, the  '  shooting  '  of  quills,  which  the  porcupine  is  said  to  practise  when  at- 
tacked.   This  was  known  to  Pliny  and  has  long  been  a  popular  belief ' '  ( Walz) . 

29.  Herzfeld  calls  attention  to  the  number  of  dwa^  XeyS/xepa  in  this  riddle, 
consisting  of  the  following  compounds  ( I  omit  two  that  I  have  found  elsewhere)  : 
geoguScnosl  (10),  feSemund  (17),  waelhwelp  (23),  nrb'scea)?a  (24),  gegnpae'5 
(26),  laSgewinna  (29). 

16.   Anchor 

The  *  Ancora  '  of  Symphosius,  which  also  speaks  of  fighting  the  winds  and 
waves,  is  worth  quoting  : 

"Mucro  mihi  geminus  ferro  conjungitur  unco  ; 
Cum  vento  luctor,  cum  gurgite  pugno  profundo ; 
Scrutor  aquas  medias;  ipsas  quoque  mordeo  terras  " 


(My  twin  points  are  joined  together  by  crooked  iron  ;  with  the  wind  I  wrestle, 
with  the  depths  of  the  sea  I  fight ;  I  search  out  the  midmost  waters,  and  I  bite 
the  very  ground  itself). 

•'  The  Old  Norse  znz\vox {EeiSreh  Gatur  6)  is,  like  the  Old  English  one, 
a  fighting  warrior."  —  Tupper. 

3.  me  — fremde:  my  native  land  is  strange  to  me  (because  I  am  always 
at  sea). 

4.  Jjaes  gewinnes:  for  or  in  the  strife  ;  genitive  of  respect  or  definition. 

5.  hi:  the  waves  and  winds. 

9.   meC  stij>ne  wij?:  against  me  strong,  against  my  strength. 

17- 

The  rune  for  B  in  the  MS.  is  claimed  in  support  of  the  various  suggested 
solutions:  Diet.'s  '  Ballista'  and  *  Burg '  and  Traut.'s  '  Bzec-ofen  *  (defended  at 
length  in  Traut.^  180).  Traut.'^  admits  that  the  word  '  baec-ofen  '  is  not  re- 
corded. He  claims  that  similarity  to  No.  49  (the  answer  to  which  is,  he  says, 
undoubtedly  *  baec-ofen  ')  supports  his  conclusion.  But  if  *  baec-ofen  '  be  the 
answer  to  No.  49  (q.  v. ),  it  is  the  less  likely  to  be  the  correct  solution  here. 

I  incline  to  the  answer  '  Burg,'  fortress.  (See  sheet  of  figures.) 

18.   "Leather  Bottel" 
Probably  a  fragment  only  :   the  solution  is  necessarily  quite  uncertain.   Sec 
sheet  of  figures. 

19. 
See  sheet  of  figures. 

Hicketier,  in  Anglia  x.  592-6  (1888),  discusses  this  riddle  fully,  and  puts 
forward  the  following  recension  : 

Somod  ic  seah  S  R  O 

H  hygewloncne,  heafodbeorhtne, 

swiftne  ofer  sielwong  swipe  prSgan. 

Haefde  him  on  hrycge  hildeprype 

N  O  M,  negledne  rawd. 

WOE]?  widlast  ferede 

rynestrong  on  rade  rofne  C  O 

F  O  A  H .    For  waes  py  beorhtre, 

swylcra  ilpfaet.  —  Saga,  hwjet  ic  hatte  ! 


I  add  a  few  passages  from  his  article.  **  NagUd  rand  is  a  shield  with  bosses, 
or  at  least  with  one  boss  in  the  centre.  The  shield  has  really  nothing  to  do  with 
falconry,  but  it  is  not  incompatible  with  it.  The  construction  is  :  the  subject  to 
hdefde  is  mon  ;  Arm  does  not  refer  to  a  word  in  the  same  sentence,  but  to  Aors ; 
Ai/deprype  is  in  apposition  with  the  object  nagledne  rand.''''  "  For  the  restor- 
ation this  must  be  remembered  :  it  is  intended  that  the  names  of  the  runes  are 
to  be  read.  When  the  runes  are  in  such  a  position  that  they  can  alliterate,  the 
first  rune  in  every  line  alliterates,  as  it  is  generally  necessary  for  the  first  noun 
in  the  first  half  of  a  line  to  alliterate  :  in  1.  i  6'  (sigel)  alliterates  with  (the  lost 
first  foot  and  with)  seaA  ;  in  \.  z  H  (hagol)  with  Aygeivloncne  AeafodbeorAtne  ; 
in  1.  5  iV  (nied),  the  first  foot,  with  nagledne ;  in  1.  8  F  (feoh)  with /or. 
Only  in  1.  7  C  (cen)  cannot  alliterate,  since  it  is  the  second  arsis  in  the  second 
half  of  the  line.  According  to  the  analogy  of  11.  2,  5,  8,  the  first  rune  in  1.  6 
must  be  ^  ( wen),*  first  foot  and  sole  alliteration  with  wldlast.  f  In  the  fourth 
position  p  for  fV  is  hardly  to  be  called  an  alteration  ;  if  you  now  alter  G  to  0, 
you  have  what  you  want :  p'toiv.''  '*  The  mode  of  corruption  in  our  passage 
has  probably  been  this:  a  scribe,  who  saw  through  the  meaning  and  manner 
of  the  riddle,  but  who  was  unconcerned  about  the  alliteration,  altered  p'ioiv, 
which  rarely  occurs  alone,  to  the  usual  pegn  with  the  same  meaning.  A  second 
scribe,  who  read  hastily  and  thought  sense  unnecessary,  corrupted  the  latter  to 
ivega. 

Traut.  makes  11.  5  and  6  run: 

N  O  [ond]  M.  Naegledne  gar 
WOE)?  wldlast  ferede. 

The  alliteration-argument  for  peoiv  is,  I  readily  admit,  a  strong  one.  But  the 
last  twenty  years  have  witnessed  a  strong  conservative  movement  in  opposition  to 
textual  changes,  and  I  am  not  prepared  to  admit  that  the  change  from  the  runes 
for  A  G  E  W  to  those  for  W  O  E  p,  however  ingeniously  explained,  ii  a 
slight  one.  Besides,  there  are  other  things  against  Hickelier's  recension:  His 
"  Konstruktion"  (v.  sup.)  has  only  to  be  read  to  be  rejected,  and  with  it  go 
other  parts  of  his  argument.  Again,  who  is  the  '  peow  '  f  is  he  the  same  person 
as  the  *  mon'  ?  If  not,  what  is  he  doing  there  ?  Are  we  to  believe  that  the 
horse  carries  one  man  and  another  man  carries  the  hawk  ?  I  find  much  to  agree 

*  For  the  runes  see  Introduction. 

f  On  the  contrary  Cosijn  says:  "£A  and  ivynn  can  remain,  when  a  B-typc 
occurs  ;  the  alliteration  then  rests  on  the  second  arsis  as  it  does  several  times  in 
the  Riddles.  " 


78  jliotf0 

with  in  Tupper's  remark:  **  The  modern  '  monster'  riddle  of  '  Man  on  Horse- 
back with  Hawk  on  Fist'  {Book  of  Merry  Riddles  Ed.  1660  No.  70  ;  Holmt 
Riddles  No.  28)  employs  an  ancient  and  widely  spread  motive,  which  is  so  to- 
tally neglected  in  the  pointless  Exeter  Book  logogriphs,  xix.,  lxiv.,  that  it  is 
difficult  to  regard  these  runic  riddles  as  other  than  fragments." 

I  suspect  that  this  riddle  —  I  wrote  these  words  long  before  I  ever  saw 
Tupper's  article  —  is  not  worth  the  time  and  ingenuity  that  have  been  ex- 
pended on  it.  The  conclusion  asks  what  <'  I  "  am  called,  but  no  clue  is  given 
beyond  that  **  I  saw"  various  things.  If,  as  seems  to  be  generally  supposed, 
the  runes  read  backwards  give  the  solution,  then  the  last  half-line  is  altogether 
misleadmg,  and  the  riddle  is  no  riddle  at  all.  The  runes  in  1.  6  read  backwards 
give  '  wega,'  which  is  not  a  known  word  5  those  in  11.  7,  8,  give  '  haofoc,* 
an  unknown  and  impossible  (Sievers  in  Anglia  xiii.  13-)  form  of  '  hafoc, 
heafoc,'  hawk.  Except  where  the  necessity  for  emendation  is  admitted,  in  11. 
I  and  3,  I  have  tried  to  make  some  sense  of  the  riddle  as  it  stands. 

I,  Grein's  emendation  '  somod'  (=  together)  is  hardly  satisfactory;  it  re- 
fers to  the  runes,  for  he  translates :  '  I  saw  together  S  and  O  with  the  proud- 
minded  R.'  I  have  made  *  swoncorne'  ace.  masc.  sing,  to  be  consistent 
with  the  other  adjectives,  although  hors  is  always  neuter.  Probably,  through 
using  the  runes,  the  writer  was  thinking  rather  of  the  Hving  animal  than  of  the 
word  hors. 

4  seq.  By  considerable,  and  by  no  means  convincing,  alterations  of  the 
text,  Grein  and  others  (v.  sup.)  have  made  some  sense  of  this  difficult  passage. 
The  chief  difficulty  is  1.  5,  where  '  rad,'  if  a  noun,  is  fem.,  whereas '  naegledne,' 
if  one  word,  is  masc.  Thorpe's  '  wargn'  (see  foot-note  to  the  text)  appears  an 
unnecessary  intrusion  j  the  horse  carries  a  man,  and  the  man  carries  a  hawk. 
Holding  myself  excluded,  by  the  general  plan  of  this  series,  from  all  but  slight 
changes  of  reading,  I  have  been  able  to  make  but  indifferent  sense.  Reading 
*  naegled  ne'  as  two  words  (as  they  undoubtedly  are  in  the  AIS.),  and  taking 
the  runes  in  1.  6  to  stand  for  '  aweg,'  I  translate  thus  :  "He  had  on  his  back 
warlike  strength  (=man).  The  rider  rode  not  in  armour  (riveted).  Wander- 
ing far  away,  he  bore,  etc." 

20.  Sword 

'*  Eusebius,  Ealdhelm,  and  Tatwine  have  all  written  riddles  on  the  sword. 
Cynewulf  has  most  followed  the  first ;  but  Cynewulf  adds  all  the  imaginative 
work.  It  is  he  alone  who  represents  the  sword  as  a  warrior,  wearing  armour 
of  his  own,  showing  his  lord  the  way  through  the  battle,  and  when  the  war 


is  over,  mourning  like  a  shattered  veteran  over  his  lonely  future." —  Brooke. 
I  recognise  no  debt  to  Eusebius  ;  on  that  question  Brooke  is  not  a  reliable 
guide. 

13.  heajjore  :  restraint ;  a  rare  word,  but  the  verb  {^ge)hea3orian^  to  re- 
strain, is  fairly  common. 

13-4.  laeteS  ...  on  gerum  sceacan:  lets  me  go  at  large. 

20-1.  msegburg   .  .  .  J?e  ic  aefter  woe  :  family  from  which  I 

sprang. 

26-7.  ic  Jjolian  sceal  bearngestreona  :  I  must  be  deprived  of  the 
begetting  of  children.  So  '  gestreona'  (1.  31)  =  begettings.  The  leading  idea  of 
the  riddle  is  that  the  sword  works,  not  for  itself,  but  only  for  its  lord. 

35.  gaeleS  :  (probably)  utters  an  incantation.  Grein  seems  to  take  the  clos- 
ing words  as  spoken  by  the  woman  :  "  and  angrily  {ungut)  she  cries:  I  heed 
not  the  battle."  This  riddle  terminates  with  dramatic  abruptness  ;  but  I  see  no 
reason  why  that  may  not  be  due  to  the  scop's  deliberate  intention. 

21.  Plough 

Prof.  A.  W.  Mair  in  his  translation  of  Hesiod  (p.  158  seq.^  has  a  useful 
note  on  the  plough. 

2.  geonge:  go;  apparently  a  Northumbrian  form. 

3.  bar  holtes  feond  :  the  two  oxen  (Diet.).  But '  feond  '  and  <  wisa^  ' 
are  singular;  and  the  man  guides  the  oxen  that  draw  the  plough.  *  The  enemy 
of  the  wood '  is  either  the  plougher,  who  cuts  down  the  wood  to  turn  it  into 
plough-land;  or  still  better,  as  Cosijn  suggests,  "  the  iron,  which,  in  the  shape 
of  an  axe,  bears  ill-will  to  the  tree;  here  it  denotes  the  ploughshare." 

9.  gongendre:  this  word  and  *  hindcweardre '  (1.  15)  are  fem.  to 
agree  with  sulh,  a  plough. 

II-13:  "  Driven  through  my  back  there  hangs  under  me  a  well-forged 
pointed  weapon;  another  in  my  head,  firm  and  pointing  forward,  inclines  to 
the  side."   The  former  is  the  share,  the  latter  the  coulter. 

22.  Month 

Diet. '3  answer  is  *  December.'  Here  is  his  article  in  briefest  summary: 
The  60  riders  are  60  half-days.  The  four  white  horses  are  the  four  Sundays. 
The  other  seven  of  the  '  fridhengestas'  might  be  week-days,  but  the  number 
does  not  fit,  so  they  probably  refer  to  a  month  in  which  there  are  seven  feast- 
days.   December  is  the  only  one  with  seven:   (i)  Conception  of  the  Virgin, 


8o  iliotefif 

(2)  S,  Nicholas,  (3)  S.  Thomas,  (4)  Christmas,  (5)  S.  Stephen,  (6)  S.John  the 
Evangelist,  (7)  Innocents.  The  opposite  shore  which  they  reach  would  then 
be  the  following  year. 

"  Among  the  problems  of  the  Exeter  Book  are  a  few  that  from  their  wide 
vogue  in  all  centuries  well  deserve  the  title  of  world-riddles.  Prominent  in 
this  short  list  is  the  query  of  the  Month  (no.  22).  This  is,  of  course,  a  vari- 
ant of  the  year  problem,  which,  in  one  form  or  other,  appears  in  every  land, 
as  Ohlert,  *  122-126,  Wiinsche  {Kochs  Zi.  N.  F.  ix.  1896,  425-456)  and 
Wossidlo,f  pp.  Z'J'j-i'j'i,  have  shown.  The  Anglo  Saxon  chariot-motive  has 
long  since  been  linked  by  Dietrich  with  Reinmar  von  Zweter's  *  ein  sneller 
wol  gevierter  wagen '  (Roethe,  R.  von  Z.  1887,  Rid.  186,  187,  p.  616). 
But  there  are  many  other  analogues.  Haug  J  translates  from  the  Rig-iieda,  i, 
several  Time  riddles,  in  one  of  which  (Hymnus  164)  the  year  is  pictured  as 
a  chariot  bearing  seven  men  (the  Indian  seasons  ?)  and  drawn  by  seven  horses; 
in  another  (H.  11)  as  a  twelve-spoked  wheel,  upon  which  stand  720  sons  of 
one  birth  (the  days  and  nights).  Still  closer  to  the  Anglo-Saxon  is  the  Per- 
sian riddle  of  the  Month,  §  also  cited  by  Wiinsche,  in  which  thirty  knights 
(the  days  of  the  month)  ride  before  the  Emperor.  In  the  '  Disputatio  Pippinf 
cum  Albino,'  68-70  (H.  Z.  xiv.  530  f.),  the  Year  is  the  Chariot  of  the 
World,  drawn  by  four  horses,  Night  and  Day,  Cold  and  Heat,  and  driven  by  the 
Sun  and  Moon.  And  finally  in  the  Liigenmarchen  of  Vienna  MS.  2705,  fol, 
145  — classed  by  its  editor,  Wackernagel  {H.  Z.  11.  562)  as  a  riddle  —  the 
narrator  tells  how  he  saw,  through  the  clouds,  a  wagon,  upon  which  seven 
women  sat  and  near  which  seven  trumpet-blowers  (garziine)  ran  and  a  thou- 
sand mounted  knights  rode. 

Der  liigenaere  nam  des  goume. 
Das  si  nach  dem  selben  sliten, 
^//es  uf  dem  ivolken  riten, 
Und  ivolten  da  mite  iiher  mer , 

The  likeness  of  these  last  lines  to  the  desire  of  the  sixty  knights  in  E.  B.  22 
to  pass  over  the  sea  is  peculiarly  suggestive.  'Reinmar's  riddle,' says  Roethe, 

^  R'atsel  und  Gesellschaftsspiele  der  alten  Griechen^  Berlin  1886. 
"("  Mecklenburgische  Volkiuberlieferungen^  Part  I.  Wismar  1897. 
j   Sit-zb.  der  konig.  Akad.    der    Whi.    %u   Miincken,    Phil.-Hist.   Kl.    Ii. 

1875,  457f- 

§  J.  Gorres,  Das  Heldenbuch  'von  Iran  aus  dem  Schah  Nameh  des  Firdussij 
Berlin  1820,  i.   104  f. 


iPotefif  8 1 

p.  451,  *  is  really  popular  —  that  is,  it  is  not  drawn  directly  or  indirectly  from 
learned  or  Latin  sources.*  This  is  equally  true  of  the  Anglo-Saxon  problem; 
still  we  must  feel  that,  like  Reinmar's  poem,  it  has  come  to  us  from  an  ar- 
tist's hand."  —  Tupper  (p.   102).* 

I.  CWOm  singular  agreeing  with  *siextig.' 

23.    Bow 

The  riddles  show  traces  of  an  older  orthography.  The  change  of  final  b 
intoy  took  place  at  about  the  same  time  as,  or  a  little  earlier  than,  that  of  /  to 
e  (that  is,  about  750).  See  No.  23,  where  'agof  stands  for  *agob.'  The 
latter,  being  the  reverse  of  'boga,'  was  certainly  the  form  when  the  riddle 
was  composed,  but  the  later  scribe  wrote  an  f  in  accordance  with  the  custom 
of  his  time.  —  Sievers  {Anglia  xiii.  1 3  seq.  condensed). 

It  seems  to  me  that  this  argument  is  too  purely  a  philological  one.  If 
*  agob  '  was  the  form  when  the  riddle  was  composed,  the  opening  line  gave 
the  solution  at  once  :  **  *  Agob  '  is  my  name  reversed."  There  is  no  other 
riddle  in  which  so  simple  a  mode  of  concealment  is  adopted.  Again,  if  a  later 
scribe  found  'agob'  and  changed  it  to  *agof,'  either  he  did  not  understand 
the  riddle  himself,  which  is  to  suppose  him  unwontedly  stupid  even  for  a  scribe, 
or  he  deliberately  made  the  solution  more  difficult,  which  is  to  attribute  to  him 
t  free  hand  in  matters  quite  outside  his  province.  Surely  it  is  simpler  to  sup- 
pose that  the  author  of  this  riddle  had  seen  the  change  of  final  b  to  f,  and 
that  he  utilised  it  here  to  befog  his  auditors.  One  might  even  dare  to  picture 
the  scene.  The  harp  is  passed  to  our  scop,  and  he  sings  this  riddle.  At  its 
close,  "'Agof  reversed?"  says  one;  "why  that's  *foga,'  and  '  foga '  is 
naught.  Give  it  up."  **  Ah  !  "  says  the  scop,  *'  but  don't  you  know  that 
where  we  used  to  write  b  at  the  end  of  a  word  we  now  write  f^  so  that  one 
may  put  the  one  letter  for  the  other  ?  "  <<  Not  fair,"  is  the  rejoinder  ;  *'  what 
do  we  know  of  script?"  But  there  are  those  at  the  feast  who  do  know 
something,  and  one  of  them  has  taken  the  hint.  "  *  One  letter  for  the  other,'  " 
he  exclaims,  **  b  iorf — I  have  it,  *  boga  '  ?  Very  good  !  "  And  the  applause 
is  general,  and  so  is  the  request  for  the  repetition  of  the  riddle,  that  every  point 
may  be  fully  appreciated  now  that  the  answer  is  known. 

*  I  quote  this  passage  with  the  more  pleasure  because  it  gives  some  valua- 
ble references  for  what  is  entirely  beyond  the  scope  of  this  edition,  the  com- 
parative study  of  riddle-literature.  For  fuller  information  the  student  is  referred 
to  Tapper's  articles. 


82  il^oteflf 

2.    Cp.     20^ 

wraetlic;  cp.  'wrStlicu'  33',  *  wunderlicu  *  20*,  24',  showing  the 
variation  in  the  gender  of  iviht.  But  there  arc  instances  where  this  explana- 
tion will  not  suffice,  cp.  '  wrStlicu  '  33^  and  *  cymlic  '  33^5  here  we  may 
say  that  adjectives  separated  from  their  nouns  frequently  do  not  agree. 

6.  baet  Wite  :  the  torture  suffered  by  the  bow  in  being  bent  and  let 
loose  again. 

8.   oJ'J'aet  ;  until,  i.e.  I  am  longer  until  I  shoot  again. 

24.   Magpie 

See  sheet  of  figures. 

Diet,  showed  that  the  runes  arranged  make  the  word  higora^  glossed  in 
.^Ifric's  time  as  picus  (woodpecker).  There  is  terrible  confusion  among 
commentators  about  the  meaning  of  higora,  which  Diet,  identified  with  Ger. 
Haher,  jay,  and  which  is  variously  translated  *  magpie,'  *  jay,'  '  woodpecker.' 
Prehn  (who  has  quite  a  genius  for  being  wrong)  chooses  *  woodpecker,'  which 
is  impossible  here.  The  Lat.  picus,  woodpecker,  would  seem  to  have  been 
confounded  with  pica,  magpie.  A  little  natural  history  is  wanted,  and  that  wc 
are  not  likely  to  get  from  monkish  Latin  glossaries.  Probably  the  poet  wai 
singing  here,  as  in  nearly  all  the  riddles,  about  something  quite  familiar  to  him 
and  his  audience,  and  was  not  likely  to  confound  the  magpie  (Cor-vus  pica 
Lin. )  with  the  jay  {^Cor'vus glandarius  Lin.)  or  the  woodpecker  (^Picus  -viridis). 
To  my  mind  it  is  pretty  certain  that  what  is  intended  is  the  beautiful  bird, 
once  the  farmer's  friend  and  the  cheery  companion  of  the  homestead  in 
England  as  elsewhere,  but  now,  alas  !  through  slander  and  persecution  be- 
come rare  —  the  magpie,  the  bird  which  can  learn  to  imitate  the  cry  of  al- 
most any  animal,  and  which  from  its  beauty,  familiarity  and  tamableness,  was 
much  more  likely  to  attract  the  attention  of  the  scop  than  the  shy  and  char- 
acterless jay  or  woodpecker. 

7.  glado  :  see  Introduction  :  The  Gender  of  a:. 

25. 

This  riddle  has  had  the  misfortune  to  arouse  contention.  Tupper  (p.  104 
(2))  says:  "  Another  riddle  by  Scaliger  (  Reusner*  I.  190),  cannabis,  gives 
in  every  line  a  reason  for  accepting  *  Hemp  '  as  an  answer  to  the  misleading 

*  Nicholas  Reusner,  Mnigmatographia  si-vt  Sylloge  ^nigmatum  tt  Gri- 
phorum  Coniii'valium,  Frankfort  1602. 


ipotrg  83 

E.  B.  R.  XXV.,  that  interesting  adaptation  of  the  Onion  motive  to  another 
theme."  Traut.^  replies :  "  An  opinion  that  can  only  be  uttered  by  one  who 
knows  either  no  Latin,  or  no  Old  English,  or  neither  the  one  nor  the  other." 
Walz  quotes  Simrock's  Deutsches  Riitselbuch  11.  84  in  support  of  his  solution 
Mustard;  but  Traut.^  shows  that  the  solution  of  the  quoted  riddle  is  Onion, 
not  Mustard.  See  Traut.^  186-8  for  his  solution  '  the  hip  of  the  wild  rose  '  j 
it  is  obviously  impossible  to  reproduce  his  arguments  here.  For  my  own  part 
I  entirely  endorse  a  remark  of  Tupper's  (p.  6  (2)),  that  this  is  one  of  those 
riddles,  fortunately  very  few  in  our  collection,  in  which  the  solution  was  not 
"the  chief  concern  of  the  jest."  And  I  may  add  that  it  is  not  now  worth 
one  drop  of  bad  blood  or  one  discourteous  word. 

I,  2.  These  opening  lines  seem  to  favor  the  answer  'Hemp.'  It  should 
be  added  that  there  is  another  riddle,  No.  65,  the  answer  to  which  is  gener- 
ally admitted  to  be  *  Onion.' 

3.  nymj^e  bonan  anum  :  save  my  slayer  only.  The  'slayer,'  accord- 
ing to  Diet. ,  is  the  one  who  eats  the  onion.  But  the  person  '  hurt  '  is  more 
often  the  one  who  dresses  it  for  table  or  for  cooking. 

8.  raeseS  mec  on  reodne  :  lit.  rushes  at  me  [who  am]  red.  Grein  bog- 
gled at  this  half-line,  which  yields  good  sense  without  any  change  ;  Guthlac  968 
is  almost  an  exact  parallel  :  "  ac  hine  rsse'5  on  "  (but  Death  rushes  on  him). 

9.  10.  fegeS  mec  on  faesten  .  .  .  mec  near-waS.  The  meaninf 
assigned  to  these  expressions  will  depend  on  the  solution  favored.  Diet,  at  first 
explained  '  puts  me  [onion]  in  her  mouth. '  But  for  his  second  solution  '  Hemp  ' 
the  passage  was  taken  to  mean  that  "  the  hemp  is  pressed  between  the  fin- 
gers of  the  spinner  ";  the  "  wet  eye  "  (1.  11)  is  the  small  hole  at  the  upper 
end  of  the  spindle  which  is  moistened  by  the  wet  fingers.  With  reference  to 
Walz's  solution  'mustard'  Traut.*  says:  "It  is  of  course  correct  that 
mustard  makes  one's  eyes  water  ;  only,  however,  when  its  seeds  are  bitten 
through,  or  when  it  is  taken  into  the  mouth  as  mustard  5  not  when  it  is 
merely  pressed  between  the  fingers,  as  Walz  seems  to  understand  the  phrases, 

fcged  mec  on  fit  St  en  and  mec  nearivaS.'"'' 

10.  mines  gemotes:  i.  e.  her  meeting  with  me. 

26.  Bible    or    Book 

Often  in  the  more  poetical  riddles  there  is  no  attempt  to  disguise  the  solu- 
tion. Here  11.  17  and  28  seem  to  favor  the  answer  '  Bible,'  which  appears 
to  be  also  the  solution  of  No.  67  :  but  *  Book '  or  •  Bible '  makes  little  dif- 
ference.  On  the  poetical  value  of  this  riddle  see  the  Introduction. 


84  Jpotr0 

Indebtedness  to  Latin  models  becomes  a  crucial  question  in  this  instance.  L. 
the  main  my  contention  is  that  the  English  poet  owes  little  in  the  way  of  in- 
spiration to  any  one :  he  borrows  a  thought,  a  phrase,  here  and  there,  but  the 
poetry  is  nearly  all  his  own.  However,  opinions  still  differ  to  some  extent, 
and  I  desire  to  put  the  student  in  the  way  of  forming  an  opinion  for  himself. 
There  is  a  supposed  debt  here  to  Ealdhelm,  Tatwine  (the  only  instance  in  which 
I  acknowledge  even  a  possibility)  and  Eusebius.  I  give  the  Latin  originals, 
and  add  a  translation  because  the  Latin  is  often  crabbed  and  difficult. 

Ealdhelm  v.  3  :  De  Penna  Scriptoria  (quill  pen). 

Me  pridem  genuit  candens  onocratalus  albam 
Gutture  qui  patulo  sorbet  de  gurgite  lymphas. 
Pergo  per  albentes  directo  tramite  campos, 
Candentique  viae  vestigia  caerula  linquo, 
Lucida  nigratis  fuscans  amfractibus  arva. 
Nee  satis  est  unum  per  campos  pandere  callem : 
Semita  quin  potius  milleno  tramite  tendit. 
Quae  non  errantes,  ad  ccsli  culmina  vexit. 

(I  am  white,  and  long  ago  I  was  born  of  a  milk-white  pelican  whose  throat 
sucks  down  the  waters  of  the  wide-stretching  mere.  I  go  in  a  straight  track 
over  white  plains,  and  on  the  milk-white  way  I  leave  deep  blue  traces,  dark- 
ening the  bright  fields  with  gloomy,  winding  paths.  I  am  not  satisfied  with 
opening  up  a  single  track  through  the  plains:  nay,  rather  with  a  thousand  by- 
paths extends  the  route,  which  carries  such  as  go  not  astray  up  to  the  heights 
of  heaven.)  Here,  as  in  other  riddles  of  Ealdhelm,  there  is  undoubtedly  a  cer- 
tain resemblance  in  the  thought. 

Tatwine  5  :    De  Membrano  (parchment). 

Efferus  exuviis  populator  me  spoliavit, 

Vitalis  pariter  flatus  spiramina  dempsit; 

In  planum  me  iterum  campum  sed  verterat  auctor : 

Frugiferos  cultor  sulcos  mox  irrigat  undis, 

Omnigenam  nardi  mersem  mea  prata  rependunt 

Qua  sanis  victum  et  lesis  prestabo  medelam. 

(A  ruthless  pillager  stripped  me  from  a  skin  and  likewise  took  away  the  holes 
through  which  passed  the  breath  of  life ;  the  preparer  next  pounds  me  into  a 
level  surface;  soon  the  dresser  waters  the  fruitful  furrows,  my  level  fields  pay 


j^te£f  85 

back  a  manifold  and  fragrant  harvest,  whereby  I  shall  give  livelihood  to  the 
healthy  and  healing  to  the  sick.)  The  original  is  obscure  and  far-fetched  j 
the  0£.  is,  I  think,  quke  independent  of  it.* 
Eusebius  35:   De  Penna. 

Natura  simplex  stans,  non  sapio  undique  quicquam, 
Sed  mea  nunc  sapiens  vestigia  quisque  sequetur; 
Nunc  tellurem  habitans,  prius  ethera  celsa  vagabarj 
Candida  conspicior,  vestigia  tetra  relinquens. 

(By  nature  I  am  simple  and  have  no  wisdom  in  any  way,  but  now  every 
wise  man  will  follow  my  tracks;  now  I  dwell  on  earth,  erewhile  I  roamed  on 
high  through  the  heavens;  I  am  white  in  appearance,  though  I  leave  black 
traces).  There  is  little  suggestion  here  which  might  not  more  probably  have 
been  got  from  Ealdhelm  (v.  sup.). 

6.  sindrum  begrunden  :  lit.  deprived  by  grinding  of  impurities,  i.e. 
with  the  impurities  ground  off. 

7.  fugles  wyn  :  lie.  bird's  joy,  i.  e.  goose-quill. 

8.  Gr-W.  reads  '  geond  [sprengde]'  etc.,  with  a  comma  after  '  speddro- 
pum.'  The  principle  usually  adopted  in  recent  editing  of  old  texts,  and  es- 
pecially in  the  works  of  this  series,  is,  to  retain  the  reading  of  the  MS.  in 
the  text  whenever  it  makes  sense.  In  this  instance  it  cannot  be  denied  that 
the  reading  of  the  MS.  passes  that  test.  In  its  favour  is  the  fact  that  *  geond- 
sprengde  (MS.  spregde)  '  occurs  once  only,  in  the  prose  Guthlac.  Against  it 
is  the  fact,  that  '  geond  '  following  its  case,  and  especially  in  the  next  line,  is  un- 
paralleled.   The  metre  is  inconclusive. 

spyrede  geneahhe  :   made  frequent  traces. 

10.  streames  dsele  :  this  may  be  a  mere  parallel  to  *  beamtelge,*  or 
it  may  mean  that  the  dye  was  mixed  with  water. 

11.  si)>ade  sweartlast  :  journeyed  on  leaving  a  black  track. 

13-4.  forjjon  —  blfongen  :  and  thus  the  artistic  works  of  smiths,  en- 
circled with  wire-ornament,  adorned  me — possibly,  delighted  me  (dat.);  but 
it  would  be  a  unique  occurrence  of  the  verb  in  the  latter  sense. 

It  is  interesting  to  compare  the  first  half  of  this  riddle  with  part  of  the  story 
of  the  famous  MS.  of  the  Lindisfarne  Gospels  as  given  by  the  glossarist  in  the 
colophon  :    *'  E'Siluald   Lindisfearneslondinga  bisc.  hit  lita  gi'Sryde  7  gibelde, 

*  The  first  lines  of  Rid.  26  are  a  reproduction  of  Tatwine  De  Membrano 
11.  1,2;  but  the  poet  soon  works  himself  free,  and  gives  it  a  Christian  turn.  — 
Herzfcld  (p.  19). 


S6  jl^otefif 

sua  he  uel  cu^ae.  7  Billfri'S  se  oncrae,  he  gismiotJade  "Sa  gihrino,  ^a  ^e  utan 
on  sint,  7  hit  gihrinade  miS  golde  7  mi^  gimmum,  aec  mi'Ssulfre  ofergylded 
faconleas  feh." 

ic_y.  Nu  J^a  —  Wlte  :  Now  let  those  ornaments,  and  the  red  dye,  and 
the  glorious  possessions  (codexes  or  libraries)  celebrate  widely  the  Sovereign  of 
nations  —  not  be,  as  some  think,  a  stupid  penance.  This  is  the  best  I  can 
make  of  this  difficult  passage  5  it  falls  in  well  enough  with  the  poet's  enthusi- 
astic praise  of  reading  in  the  following  lines,  and  no  doubt  there  were  then,  as 
now,  many  to  whom  reading  was  a  penance. 

18.    min  :   me,  genitive  governed  by  'brucan.' 

23.   J?a :  who,  subject  of  the  three  remaining  verbs  of  the  sentence. 

27.   Mead 

2.  burghleoJ'Um :  perhaps  we  should  read  beorg-hleopum^  mountain- 
slopes,  as  in  57*. 

4.  Notice  the  curious  '*  transverse  "  alliteration  of  this  line — an  antici- 
pation of  Lyly. 

5.  hrofes  hleo:   the  hive,  or  possibly  the  honeycomb. 

9.  J^aet:   this,  with  forward  reference  to  1.  11. 

mec  fehS  ongean :  grapples  with  me.  Fdn  is  frequently  construed  with 
preps.    Cp.  Beoivulf  1542  :    'him  togeanes  feng,'  clutched  at  him. 

10.  gen^ste5  —  unique  occurrence.  Perhaps  we  ought  to  read  gi- 
hnasted  f  cp.  gehn^st,  conflict. 

12.    See  note  on  ii'°. 

28.  John  Barleycorn 

Cp.  the  well  known  poem  by  Burns. 

*'  I  have  already  mentioned  the  drinking  habits  of  our  early  ancestors,  and 
mocked  at  the  accusation  of  a  special  barbarism  leveled  against  them  on  this 
account  —  as  if  they  were  not  in  the  eighth  century  the  most  cultivated  people 
in  Europe.  In  all  Anglo-Saxon  poetry,  in  these  Riddles  written  by  a  wander- 
ing Bohemian,  there  is  a  tone  of  contempt  for  the  drunkard." — Brooke. 

8.  ClengeS  lengeS.  Emendation  is  difficult,  if  not  impossible,  for 
<clenge'5  lenge'S  '  seems  an  intentional  jingle,  like  those  in  11.  2  and  4-6.  C, 
required  for  the  alliteration,  disqualifies  Thorpe's  g/engeS,  adorns.  B-T.  gives 
*'  Dream  clengeS  =  joy  exhilarates,"  which  helps  to  increase  the  difficulty, 
Grein  translates  "  Es  verliingert  den  Jubel  "  (It  prolongs  the  merry  noise), 
which  is  good  sense  and  seems  the  best  way  out. 


10.  bruceS  .    .    .    SpriceS:  see  note  on  5". 
XZ.   deaj?e  :   the  death  of  John  Barleycorn, 

29.   Moon  and  Sun 

''It  13  characteristic  of  Cynewulf,  who  probably  derived  his  first  idea  of 
this  riddle  from  that  of  Eusebius  on  the  same  subject,  that  he  departs  altogether 
from  the  way  Eusebius  treats  the  subject.  In  Eusebius,  sun  and  moon  arc 
friendly.  Here  they  are  enemies,  —  their  strife  is  renewed  each  night  and  day. 
Defeat  and  victory  and  pursuit  are  incessantly  interchanged.  The  little  poem  is 
a  true  piece  of  imaginative  and  mythical  Nature-poetry,  and  the  end  is  as  terse 
and  rapid  as  it  would  be  in  the  hands  of  Tennyson."  —  Brooke. 

See  Tupper  104  (2). 

I  am  convinced  that  Dietrich's  solution,  *  Moon  and  Sun,'  is  the  right 
one,  but  it  does  not  meet  with  the  approval  of  Walz  and  Trautmann. 

Walz  says:  "Dietrich's  solution  was  doubtless  suggested  by  the  phrases 
*  hornum  bitweonum  '  in  1,  2  and  '  lyftfaet  leohtlic '  in  1.  3.  It  finds  no  justi- 
fication in  any  other  part  of  the  riddle,"  (How  "  absolute  "  these  solution- 
mongers  are  ! )  So  Walz  proposes  "  Cloud  and  wind."  "LI.  5  and  6  express 
poetically  that  the  cloud  wished  to  rest  above  the  castle"  (to  which  Traut.^ 
unkindly  retorts:  "  but  if  one  could  only  comprehend  for  what  reason  and  for 
what  purpose  the  cloud  should  cherish  such  a  wish!  ").  "  In  1.  7  the  wind 
appears  above  the  top  of  the  wall."  (The  plot  thickens!)  "  L.  12  expresses 
the  result  of  this  feud  between  wind  and  cloud:  dust  rises  and  rain  falls  ('  deaw  * 
poetically  used  for  rain);  then  night  comes  on  (this  makes  the  disappearance 
of  the  wind  all  the  more  mysterious)."  The  fact  is  that  all  such  detailed  expla- 
nations of  things  "poetically"  expressed  are  unfailingly  ridiculous. 

Trautmann  is  equally  absolute  and  almost  equally  amusing.  He  abandoned 
his  first  solution  *  Swallow  and  sparrow,'  and  adopted  half  of  Walz's.  *'  The 
quite  correct  solution,  as  I  did  not  recognize  till  later,  must  be  *  bird  and 
wind.'  .  .  .  The  correct  solution  can  only  be  '  Bird  and  wind. '  "  The  '  hor- 
num '  are  the  upper  and  lower  bill.  The  '  huf>e  '  (1.  4)  is  straw  or  a  feather 
for  the  nest,  "Then  came  a[n  other]  being  (the  wind)  over  the  top  of  the 
wall.  It  took  the  booty  from  the  luckless  one  [snatched  the  feather  from  the 
bird]  and  drove  him  home  against  his  will. "  The  last  third  of  the  riddle  is  en- 
tirely irrelevant  to  the  bird.  "The  expression  hft-fat  (1.  3)  agrees  with  a 
straw  or  a  blade  of  grass  just  as  well  as  it  does  with  a  feather  :  both  are  hollow 
and  filled  with  air." 


88  j^OttS 

Let  the  student  read  the  riddle  three  times,  each  time  with  one  of  the  abore 
solutions  in  mind,  and  then  decide  for  himself. 

2.  hujje :  the  spoil  is  the  ring  of  the  old  moon.  Cp.  Sir  Patrick  Spent 
^-  ^^-  "I  saw  the  new  moon  late  yestreen, 

Wi'  the  auld  moon  in  her  arm." 

5.   walde:   Anglian  for  wolde  ;  Siev.  §  428,  N.  4. 
hyre :  for  herself,   referring  either  to   *  wiht '  (1.   1 )  or  to  the  unknown 
solution  (see  note  on  21^).    This  makes  much  better  sense  than  referring  it  to 

•  hupe. '    '  Hit'  in  the  next  line  I  take  to  be  impersonal. 

13.  niht  forS  gewat :  Night  went  forth. 

13—4.  Walz  comparesjohn  iii.  8  :  '*  The  wind  bloweth  where  it  listeth,  and 
thou  hearest  the  sound  thereof,  but  canst  not  tell  whence  it  cometh,  and  whither 
it  goeth." 

"Dietrich's  solution  of  E.  B.  R.  xxix..  Moon  and  Sun,  seems  to  me 
strongly  supported   by  the  close  likeness  between  the  last  lines  of  the  riddle, 

*  Nor  did  any  one   of  men  know  afterwards  the  wandering  of  that  wight,' 
and  Vienna  MS.  67,  No.  60  (Luna),  1-2  (Mone,  Anzeiger  viii.  219)  :  — 

*  Quo  movear  gressu  nullus  cognoscere  tentat, 


30. 

This  is  the  first  riddle,  the  answer  to  which  I  give  up  with  regret.  I  first 
give  the  suggested  solutions,  then  add  a  few  words  of  comment. 

Diet.'s  solution  '  Water'  is  the  generally  accepted  answer  to  No.  83. 

"  E.  B.  R.  XXX.,  Rainwater,  also  points  to  the  Natural  History  chapter. 
That  it  is  one  of  the  Water  cycle,  no  one  can  for  a  moment  doubt  who  com- 
pares it  carefully  with  Vienna  MS.  67,  No.  50  (Mone,  ^nzeiger  viii.  219); 
Brussels  MS.  604  (12th  cent.).  No.  48  (Id.,  40)  ;  Strasshurger  Ratselbuch 
Nos.  52,  54,  57  ;  and  Scaliger's  Plwvia  (Reusner  I,  184),  Blackburn's  solu- 
tion, Beam  (Wood)  —  indeed  his  entire  theory  —  is  based  upon  the  sandy 
foundation  of  insufficient  knowledge  of  riddle-literature."  —  Tupper. 

F.  A.  Blackburn,  in  the  Journal  of  Germanic  Philology,  in.  4-7,  says: 
**  The  true  solution,  I  think,  is  '  an  beam,'  in  the  various  senses  that  the  word 

*  Traut.^:  "  Tupper  is  always  sure  that  two  riddles  have  the  same  solution 
when  he  discovers  in  them  a  common,  or  distantly  similar,  trait ;  what  else  Vi 
in  the  two  riddles  does  not  matter  to  him." 


i^ocefif  89 

carries  in  OE.,  tree,  log,  ship  and  cross  (probably  also  harp  and  boivP).'*   Here 
is  his  translation : 

**  I  am  agile  of  body,  I  sport  with  the  breeze  ;  (tree) 
I  am  clothed  with  beauty,  a  comrade  of  the  storm  ;  {tree) 
I  am  bound  on  a  journey,  consumed  by  fire  ;*  (sAip,  tree) 
A  blooming  grove,  a  burning  gleed.  (tree,  log) 
Full  often  comrades  pass  me  from  hand  to  hand,  {harp) 
Where  stately  men  and  women  kiss  me.    {cup  f) 
When  I  rise  up,  before  me  bow 
The  proud  with  reverence.    Thus  it  is  my  part 
To  increase  for  many  the  growth  of  happiness,    {the  cross) 

Traut.^  (p.  211)  says:  "  No  one  (Tupper  naturally  excepted)  will  agree 
that  Dietrich's  solution,  Water,  is  correct."  He  abandons  his  earlier  solution 
'  das  ahrenfeld '  (cornfield)  in  favor  of  Blackburn's  'beam,'  with  whom  he 
agrees  also  in  preferring  the  B.  text.  But  he  does  not  agree  that  beam  can 
mean  '  ship,'  *  harp  '  or  *  cup.'  Beam  =  ship  is  supported  only  by  10',  where 
the  true  reading  is  *  bea[r]mes.'  Traut.^  thus  reduces  beam  to  two  meanings: 
(i)  '  tree  '  in  11.  1-4,  (a)  '  Cross  '  in  11.  5-9.  *  Fus  for'Sweges '  (1.  3)  then 
refers  to  tree-felling,  *  fyre  gemylted  '  (1.  3  )  to  faggots. 

Here,  as  in  every  other  instance,  my  chief  concern  is  to  put  the  student, 
as  far  as  space  permits,  in  a  position  to  decide  for  himself.  I  do  not  myself 
feel  that  the  right  solution  has  yet  been  proposed.  Very  likely  our  knowledge 
does  not  suffice  for  us  to  think  ourselves  back  into  the  right  surroundings  and 
conditions.  If  a  riddle  is  a  good  one,  I  find  the  best  test  of  the  correct  solu- 
tion to  be  a  feeling  of  satisfaction  in  reading  it  through  with  the  answer  in  mind. 
I  have  not  that  feeling  in  this  instance,  and  I  am  not  satisfied  about  the  read- 
ing of  the  first  line  (v.  inf. ) . 

1.  lig,  leg,  flame,  are  the  readings  of  A  and  B.  Gr-W.  reads  *  lie 
bysig,'  a  busy  body ;  but  I  am  very  sceptical  as  to  whether  Itc  is  ever  used  in 
this  sense,  or  even  can  bear  it.  I  find  it  so  used  in  no  other  riddle  ;  cp.  lo^, 
65'*.  Grein's  iTc-bysig,  **mit  meinem  Leib  geschaftig  (busy  with  my  body)," 
adopted  by  Blackburn  and  Traut.'',  is  found  nowhere  else  in  OE.  literature. 
Therefore,  until  I  know  what  the  riddle  means,  I  retain  the  MS.  reading. 
This  uncertainty  as  to  the  meaning  makes  it  difficult  to  decide  in  some  lines 
which  version  gives  the  better  reading  ;  and  this  is  the  more  tantalizing  because 
OE.  so  rarely  offers  an  editor  the  luxury  of  a  choice  of  readings. 

*  See  the  B.  readings  given  in  the  foot-notes  to  the  text. 


90  i^otrsf 

6.  Sec  Traut.',  pp.  214-5,  for  a  note  on  "the  kiss  of  peace,**  where  he 
attempts'to  show  that  the  practice  of  kissing  the  pax  at  mass  arose  in  England 
and  spread  hence  to  the  other  churches. 

7.  onhaebbe  =  onh^bhe,  raise.  For  a  alternating  with  g  see  Siev.  §  89, 
N.  I.    No  verb  onhabban  is  known. 

31.   Bagpipe 

This  is  a  very  obscure  and  difficult  riddle.  It  may  be  very  corrupt,  for 
11.  4,  6  and  24,  as  they  stand  in  the  MS.,  do  not  scan.  The  most  favoured 
answer  is  *  Bagpipe, '  to  which  1.  1 7  appears  to  point.  There  is  an  excellent 
article  by  Stone  on  this  instrument  in  Grove's  Dictionary  of  Music.  It  ii 
mentioned  by  Procopius  (6th  cent.)  as  the  war  instrument  of  the  Roman 
infantry. 

4.  -w6r  may  easily  have  been  omitted  by  "  anticipation  *'  of  the  wrr-  in 
lucrum. 

13.  hwonne  Sr  :  how  soon,  when. 

heo :  the  reed-chanterj  see  note  on  1.  22. 

22.  brojjor :  the  'brothers,*  the  reed-drones  of  the  bagpipe,  brotheri  of 
the  reed-chanter.  "The  pipe  upon  which  the  melody  is  performed  is  called 
the  '  chanter,'  and  is  fitted  with  a  double  reed.  The  other  pipes,  called 
'  drones,'  which  sound  simultaneously  with  the  chanter,  have  a  single  reed 
and  produce  only  one  note  each  **  (Nelson's  Encyclopedia ^  1 906). 

32. 

The  solutions  '  Ship  *  and  *  Wheel '  seem  to  do  almost  equally  well :  riddle- 
analogues  appear  to  favour  the  former. 

I,  2.    Cp.  the  opening  lines  of  31. 

3.  sij^um  sellic  :  Grein  takes  these  words  with  *  searo,*  but  the  symme- 
try of  the  sentence  favors  the  punctuation  here  adopted. 

6.   exle:  see  Siev.  §  108.   2(a). 
fet:  the  keel  (?)  . 

9.  muS:   the  hatchway  (?)  . 

10.  '  Bears  abundance  of  food  to  the  people.*  Sprach.^  following  Diet., 
glosses  *  fere'  (MS.)  as  accus.  of  faru;  '  fere  .  .  .  dreoge'S  *  =feret!,  fod- 
durwelan  '  is  genitive,  '  folcscipe  '  dative.  I  read  •fer,'  dialectal  for  far , 
neut.  (see  B-T.),  on  the  ground  thzt  fere  iov  fare  is  impossible,  while /<rr 
tor  far  occurs  more  than  once. 


jpotesi  91 

33.  Ice-floe,  Icebekg,  Ice 

Diet,  makes  three  apposite  quotations  from  Latin:  (l)  from  Aenigmata  vg- 
terumpoetarutfty  p.  44:  **  Mater  me  genuit,  eadem  mox  gignitur  ex  me  "  ;  (1) 
from  Mone,  An%eiger  viii.  316:  **Quam  mater  genuit,  generavit  filia  ma- 
trem"j  (3)  lb.  224:  * '  Creatam  rursus  ego  concipio  matrem  " ;  and  adds: 
**  All  that  is  abstract  and  jejunej  how  much  better  and  livelier  in  the  Anglo- 
Saxon  poet,  who  again  has  created  a  warrior,  a  sea-hero,  out  of  the  subject 
of  the  riddle." 

"  The  Roman  grammarian,  Pompeius,  tells  us  that  this  question  was  often 
bandied  about  by  the  small  boys  of  Rome."  —  Tupper,  p.  4  (q    v.). 

**  We  dissemble  againe  under  covert  and  darke  speaches,  when  we  speake 
by  way  of  riddle  {Enigma)  of  which  the  sence  can  hardly  be  picked  out,  but 
by  the  parties  owne  assoile,  as  he  that  said: 

'  It  is  my  mother  well  I  wot. 
And  yet  the  daughter  that  I  begot.' 

Meaning  it  by  the  ise  which  is  made  of  frozen  water,  the  same,  being 
molten  by  the  sunne  or  fire,  makes  water  againe."  — Puttenham,  The  Arte 
of  English  Poesie,  1 5  89. 

**  But  Cynewulf  only  brings  in  this  fancy  at  the  end  of  his  riddle.  The  rest 
—  the  audacious  Ice  Viking,  victoriously  dashing  through  the  sea,  vv^ith  all 
his  ship  ringing  as  it  goes,  and  he  himself  shouting  on  the  prow  —  that  is 
Cynewuirs  alone,  and  it  is  another  illustration  of  the  absurdity  of  those  who 
pass  over  these  riddles  of  his  as  a  mere  imitation  of  the  Latin."  — Brooke 
(i.  149)-        ' 

1.  w5ge,  apparently  a  Kentish  form  (Siev.  §  151.  (i))  which  occurs 
nowhere  else  in  the  Riddles. 

5.  Gr-W.  reads  *  Waes  his  hete  grim.*  For  *  hetegrim  *  cp.  Andreas  1395 
and  1562.  Hcrzfeld's  objection  to  the  MS.  reading,  which  I  have  retained, 
is  that  *  hilde  to  saene  '  contradicts  *  hetegrim  '  and  *  biter  beadoweorca.'  I 
doubt  if  that  objection  can  be  sustained.  I  render  somewhat  freely:  '*  too 
sluggish  [in  beginning]  battle,  [but]  bitter  in  deeds  of  war  [when  begun].' 
That  is  not  inconsistent  with  '  fierce  in  hate  ' ;  rather,  it  might  be  given  as  a 
definition  of  hete-grim.  Sane  is  regularly  construed  with  the  genitive,  and  I 
am  prepared  to  say  neither  that  the  MS.  reading  is  impossible,  nor  even  that 
it  is  inferior  to  the  emendations  suggested  (see  also  foot-note  to  text).  Cp. 
Andreas  204,  211,  and  Doomsday  88. 


92  ipoteflf 

6.  bordweallas:  sides  of  ships  hung  round  with  shields. 

7.  Contrast  Beoivulf  ^01  :  '  onband  beadu-runc,'  he  opened  a  quarrcL 

34.   Rake 

5.  weallas :  ///.  walls ;  mounds,  banks,  slopes,  hillocks. 

6.  bij?:  see  note  on  5'^. 

35.   Coat  of  Mail 

This  riddle,  in  Northumbrian  dialect,  is  also  found  in  MS.  Voss.  Q.  106 
in  the  University  Library  at  Leyden,  '  in  a  continental  hand  of  the  ninth  cen- 
tury *  (Sweet).  The  text  here  given  is  from  Dr.  O.  B.  Schlutter's  reading  or 
the  MS.  {Anglia  xxxii.  pp.  384-388,  516). 

Letters  in  italics  are  missing  or  unrecognisable  in  the  MS.  Where  the  sense 
differs  materially  from  that  of  the  West  Saxon  version  a  translation  is  given  in 
parentheses. 

Mec  se  ueta  er'S-uong        uundrum  freorig 

ob  his  inna^ae        Srist  cxndae: 

Ni  uuat  ic  mec  biuorthae       uullan  fliusum, 

herum  "Serh  hShcrzeft,        hygidohta  vyn   {the  joy  of  thoughts). 
5    Uundnae  me  ni  bla'S  ueflae,        ni  ic  uarp  hafae 

ni  ^erih  ^reavungi'Sraec        %rxt  me  hlaemme^  {tiviuing  pressure). 

Nc  me  hrutende        hrisil  scelfae'S  [shakes,  rattles), 

ne  mec  ouana        aam  sceal  cnyissan. 

Uyrmas  mec  ni  aueflin        uyndicrzeftum  {spinning-craft)^ 
10  'Sa'Si  gcelu  godueb        geatum  fraetuath. 

Uil  mec  huethra  suS'Seh        uTdae  ofaer  eor'Su 

haatan  mith  hflilSum        hyhtlic  giuSde. 

Ni  anSgun  ic  me  aerigfaerae        egsan  brogum, 

"Seh^i  nimaen  flanas  fracadlicae  ob  cocrum  ( I  fear  not  arronv-fiighti 
<tvith  shocks  of  terror,  though  they  take  shafts  from  their  qui'vers  ivith  evil  in- 
tent). 8.    MS.  caam. 

Tupper,  p,  98,  says :  **  Only  in  the  first  three  [Riddles  35, 40  and  6  6]  is  the  Eng- 
lish rendering  literal,  and  two  of  these  constitute  a  poetic  homily  rather  than 
an  enigma.  R.  35,  in  its  two  forms,  stands  out  as  the  solitary  instance  in  our  col- 
lection of  a  very  close  translation  of  a  Latin  puzzle."  Brooke  says  that  the 
English  poet  "expands  into  poetry  "  the  Latin  phrases. 


^Otta  93 

It  U  necessary  therefore,  for  purposes  of  comparison,  to  give  Ealdhelm's 
riddle: 

IV.  3:  De  lorica  (breastplate). 

Roscida  me  genuit  gelido  de  vircere  tellus. 
Non  sum  setigero  lanarum  veUere  facta, 
Licia  nulla  trahunt,  nee  garrula  fila  resultant. 
Nee  crocea  Seres  texunt  lanugine  vermes, 
Nee  radiis  carpor,  duro  nee  pectine  pulsor: 
Et  tamen  en  vestis  vulgi  sermone  vocabor. 
Spicula  non  vereor  longis  exempta  pharetris 

(The  dewy  earth  brought  me  forth  from  her  cold  womb.  I  am  not  made  of 
a  hairy  fleece  of  woolj  no  leashes  draw  me  tight,  nor  do  threads  vibrate  with 
vocal  sound,  no  Chinese  worms  weave  me  from  downy  floss  of  saffron  huej 
I  am  not  plucked  at  by  the  shuttle,  nor  struck  by  the  ruthless  sley;  and  yet, 
lo!  I  shall  be  called  a  garment  in  common  parlance.  I  fear  not  darts  drawn 
from  long  quivers).  This  is  certainly  a  help  to  the  understanding  of  our  riddle, 
whether  with  Diet,  we  call  the  latter  a  free,  or  with  Tupper  a  literal,  transla- 
tion. 

Herzfeld  points  out  that  this  riddle  differs  from  the  others  in  that  the  syn- 
tactical sections  correspond  with  the  metrical  instead  of  crossing  them,  as  they 
usually  do. 

4.   min:  genitive  sing,  of  the  personal  pron.  here,  not  an  adj. 

8.  SCeal  amas.  This  reading,  a  peculiarly  harsh  conjunction  of  sing, 
verb  with  plural  subject,  is  inferior  to  that  of  the  Leyden  MS.  ('  am  sceal 
cnyssan  ')  in  both  grammar  and  metre. 

10.  geolo  godwebb :  silk. 

1 1 .  The  omission  of  the  redundant  *  se  peah '  would  greatly  improve  the 
metre. 

36. 

See  sheet  of  figures. 

This  is  one  of  the  riddles  one  wishes  at  the  bottom  of  the  Bay  of  Portugal : 
there  is  no  poetry  in  it,  and  the  ingenuity  is  misplaced.  Traut.  divides  it  into 
two  parts  at  1.  7  ;  but  the  horse,  man,  dog,  bird,  woman  of  11.  10,  1 1,  with 
the  thing  itself,  agree  so  far  with  11.  6,  7.  If  we  take  11.  8-13  as  a  separate 
riddle,  we  may  read  '  foldwegas  '  in  1.  8,  and  the  solution  Bat  is  suggested. 

Dietrich  takes  a  line  of  interpretation  which  may  be  first  given  and  then 
explained  : 


94  jPotesf 

Wrttttn  hwMMxIRfwfqxxs 

Interpreted  ^     S     "™     "™     uir      fd     eguus 

Order  Ii8      14     5       13611     97     103Z     4     I 

Meaning  sugu  mid  5    ferhum 

=  sow  with  a  litter  of  five  pigs. 

This  interpretation  is  obtained  in  the  following  way;  (i)  The  common  arti- 
fice has  been  adopted  of  writing,  instead  of  a  vowel,  the  consonant  following 
it  in  the  alphabet,y  for  «,  *■  for  a,  (2)  Two  mistakes  in  copying  have  been 
made  [as  usual !]  :  y  should  be  gy  and  the  second  w  should  ht  d.  (  3  )  The  first 
•w  stands  for  5.  (4)  The  letters  so  corrected  must  be  transposed  as  above.  The 
two  wings  (1.  7)  are  the  ears  of  the  sow,  which  resembles  a  horse  in  its  mane,  a 
woman  in  having  womb  and  teats,  a  dog  in  its  snout  and  teeth.  '  Flodwegas  * 
is  not  to  be  altered  to  '  foldwegas  '  ;  it  is  an  allusion  to  the  pools  which  the 
sow  loves  to  wallow  in. 

Some  support  is  given  to  this  interpretation  by  Aldhelm's  vi.  10  (below), 
and  by  other  lines  quoted  by  Prehn  (p.  209),  and  a  similar  conceit  occurs  in 
the  30th  riddle  of  the  Hervararsaga.  Aldhelm's  riddle,  De  Scrofa  pragnanti 
(Breeding  Sow),  opens  thus  : 

Nunc  mihi  sunt  oculi  bis  seni  in  corpore  solo 

Bis  ternumque  caput,  sed  caetera  membra  gubernat. 

Nam  gradior  pedibus  suffultus  bis  duodenis, 

Sed  novies  deni  sunt  et  sex  corporis  ungues, 

Synzygias  numero  pariter  simulabo  pedestres. 
(Now  I  have  twice  six  eyes  in  one  body  and  twice  three  heads,  and  they 
guide  the  rest  of  the  limbs.    For  I  walk  supported  by  twice  twelve  feet,  and 
my  body  has  nine  times  ten  and  six  hoofs,  and  I  shall  make  believe  that  I 
have  pairs  of  feet  equal  in  number.) 

Diet,  was  at  least  right  in  supposing  that  we  have  here  an  example  of  the 
common  device,  in  disguised  writing,  of  substituting  for  each  vowel  the  fol- 
lowing consonant  :  b  =  a,  f  =  e,  k  =  i,  p  =  o,  x  =  u. 

LI.  4,  5  appear  to  contain  the  OE.  and  the  Latin  for  man,  woman,  horse: 
—  monn,  homo  ;  wif,  mulier  ;  hors,  cquus.  Traut.  boldly  says  that  this  is 
so,  but  does  not  explain  the  somewhat  obvious  discrepancies. 

So  far  the  critics  had  been  dealing  with  an  incorrect,  misread  text,  as  given 
in  Gr-W.,  Viz-.hivM.  .  .  M  x  I  Rfivf  .  .  .  y  x  x  s.  Holthausen 
{Engl.  Stud.  vol.  37,  p.  208)  considered  that  the  text  should  read  :  h  p  m 
[/>]...  m  X  Ikfr^f  .   .   .  y  AT  AC  I  =  (in  disguised  writing)  homo,  mulier, 


0ott^  95 


equus.  This  is  very  nearly  the  true  reading  of  the  MS.,  as  may  be  «ecn  in 
the  reproduction,  in  the  sheet  of  figures,  of  my  tracing.  But  the  scribe  of 
the  MS.  made  three  mistakes:  it  is  obvious  tha  the  omitted  the  second  />  (=  o) 
in  homo ;  and  he  twice  wrote  w  for  another  letter,  for  the  first  p  (=  o)  in  homo 
and  for  the  r  in  mulier. 

The  suggested  solution  is  Ship:  the  four  feet  under  its  belly  arc  the  oars, 
and  the  eight  on  its  back  are  supposed  to  be  those  of  the  man,  woman  and 
horse.  We  have  to  add  the  dog,  the  bird  and  the  creature  itself  (or  the  fig- 
urehead) to  get  the  two  wings,  twelve  eyes  and  six  heads  (11.  6,  7),  but  ap- 
parently the  feet  of  the  dog  and  bird  don't  count.  This  is  what  is  known 
as  a  Monster  riddle.  *' A  very  weak  monster  ...  A  most  scurvy  monster 
.   .   .   An  abominable  monster  ...   A  most  ridiculous  monster." 

I  am  not  without  hope  that  my  arrangement  of  the  text  in  11.  4,  5  may 
be  accepted  as  final. 

4.  ehtuTve,  eight  ;  an  Anglian  form  (Siev.  §  325.  8).  Grein's  suggestion 
(see  foot  of  text)  would  mean,  *  we  took  the  thing  for  a  man,  etc.* 

8.  il5dwegas:  Grein  gives  one  other  instance  of/aran  with  the  accus., 
Andreas  774. 

9-1 1.  The  periphrastic  conclusion  is  usually  punctuated:  pu  ivast  gif  pu 
const  to  gesecganne,  thou  knowest  whether  thou  canst  say.  But  I  know  no 
other  instance  of  conn  with  the  dat.  infin.,  and  the  sense  is  at  any  rate  no 
feebler  with  the  punctuation  in  the  text :  *  Thou  knowest  how  to  say,  if  thou 
canst. ' 

37.   Bellows 

With  11.  5-7  should  be  compared  Symphosius,  no.  72,  FoUis  (bellows): 

Non  ego  continuo  morior,  dum  spiritus  exit  ; 
Nam  redit  assidue,  quamvis  et  saepe  recedat, 
Et  mihi  nunc  magna  est  animae,  nunc  nulla  facultas 

(I  do  not  die  forthwith  when  my  breath  leaves  me  ;  for  it  constantly  returns, 
though  as  often  it  departs  ;  and  one  moment  I  have  a  great  store  of  air,  the 
next  I  have  no  power  at  all). 

4.  The  emendations  I  have  suggested  are,  I  admit,  based  on  the  supposition 
that  the  solution  is  Bellows.  But  the  changes  are  not  great  and  teem  to  give 
sense  for  nonsense.  I  translate :  *  A  servant  followed,  a  very  strong  fellow, 
and  had  endured  much  where  (if,  in  that)  what  filled  it  escaped  through  its 
eye,'  i.e.  it  was  hard  on  the  blower  that  the  wind  he  filled  the  bellows  with 


96  iliotes; 

flew  out  at  once  through  its  eye.  Geferan  =  endure,  suffer,  is  not  uncom- 
mon (see  Andreas  677,  1403)  ;  pat  might  easily  be  dropped  out  after  par  ^ 
and  felde  is  a  dialectal  form  oi  fylde.  For  pat  =  what,  cp.  l",  3^^,  3^^^ 
16'  etc. 

38.   Bullock 

This  is  almost  a  free  translation  of  Aldhelm,  iii.   11,  De  Bove,  sive  de 
Juvenco  ( Ox  or  steer)  : 

Arida  spumosis  dissolvens  faucibus  ora 

Bis  binis  bibulus  potum  de  faucibus  hausi. 

Vivens  nam  terrae  glebas  cum  stirpibus  imis 

Nisu  virtutis  validae  disrumpo  feraces: 

At  vero  linquit  dum  spiritus  algida  membra, 

Nexibus  horrendis  homines  constringere  possum 

(Slaking  the  dryness  of  my  mouth  with  foaming  throat  I  thirstily  drew  in 
my  drink  from  twice  two  throats.  While  living  I  break  up  the  fertile  clods 
of  soil  along  with  the  stubble  by  the  effort  of  my  stout  strength  ;  but  when 
the  breath  leaves  my  chill  frame,  I  can  bind  men  fast  in  terrible  bonds). 

Prehn  (p.  212,  §  27)  thinks  Eusebius  no.  37  is  here  very  closely  adhered 
to;  he  compares  with  11.  6  and  7: 

et  si  vixero,  rumpere  colles 
Incipiam,  vivos  moriens  aut  alligo  multos. 

He  says  that  the  '  Mon  '  of  1.  5  means  Eusebius,  not  Aldhelm  as  Dietrich 
thought. 

**  Unfortunately  for  this  conclusion,  other  Latin  riddles  of  the  Old  Eng- 
lish period  furnish  quite  as  close  a  parallel  to  E.  B.  R.  xxxviii.  Bede,  Flores, 
No.  1 2,  gives  the  following :  —  '  Vidi  filium  inter  quattuor  fontes  nutritum : 
si  vivus  fuit,  disrupit  montes:  si  mortuus  fuit,  alligavit  vivos.'  And  I  find  the 
same  motive  later  in  Brit.  Mus.  MS.  Burney  59  (eleventh  cent.),  fol. 
II  b.:  — 

*  Dum  juvenis  fui,  quattuor  fontes  siccavi  ; 

Cum  autem  senui,  montes  et  valles  versavi  ; 

Post  mortem  meam  vivos  homines  ligavi.' 

In  the  light  of  the  wide  vogue  of  the  riddle,  the  chief  claim  of  Eusebius  as  a 
iource  fails."  — Tupper  (p.  99). 


*  iliote0  97 

I.  JJa  wiht :  fem.  i-stem  ;  cp,  tuihte^  37',  where  the  word  has  passed 
over  to  the  ordinary  declension. 

4.  on  gesceap  J^eotan  is  something  of  a  crux,  peotariy  rush,  issue 
with  a  noise,  gush,  makes  an  admirable  parallel  to  sceotan  ,•  but  on  gesceap  is 
difficult ;  for  the  present  I  translate  it,  *  into  the  creature,'  the  calf.  Grein 
translates  *  nach  Geschick  tosen  (resound  as  their  destiny  is  ?),'  but  this  both 
lacks  authority  and  makes  feeble  sense.  B-T.  suggests  that  "perhaps  gesceap- 
peote  may  be  a  compound  noun  meaning  the  teat."  Against  this  is  the  fact 
that  it  leaves  gesceap-  practically  meaningless  ;  moreover  the  word  does  not 
readily  enter  into  compounds  j  only  one  is  rtcoxAtd,  gesctep-kiv'tl  (Beow.  26), 
fated  hour.  Besides,  '  teat  *  is  not  the  sense  required  ;  the  four  springs  brightly 
shoot  into  something  ;  if  we  are  to  assume  a  compound,  it  must  surely  cor- 
respond with  the  calf's  '  spumosis  faucibus  '  in  Aldhelm's  riddle. 

5.  Mon  :   see  quotation  from  Tupper  above. 

6.  duna  briceS,   will  break  downs,  i.e.  plough. 

7.  bindeS  cwice,   it  will  bind  the  living,  i.e.  with  thongs  made  of  hide. 


39.   Day 

With  reference  to  the  adj.  earmost  in  1.  14  Dietrich  says  that  the  pov- 
erty of  the  day  was  proverbial.  This  statement  (if  taken  literally)  seems  to 
lack  authority.  I  find  no  allusion  to  the  poverty  of  the  day  in  any  dictionary 
or  collection  of  proverbs  ancient  or  modern.  Among  the  668  proverbs  under 
'  Tag  '  (day)  in  Wander's  Sprichivbrter  Lexicon  in  5  volumes  I  find  none  that 
directly  or  indirectly  refer  to  the  poverty  of  Day.  Stories  in  which  Day  and 
Night  wrangle  about  their  respective  merits  seem  to  know  nothing  of  the 
'  proverbial '  poverty  of  Day  (*  Nacht  und  Tag,'  E.  Bock,  Deutsches  Lesebuch^ 
etc. ) .  No  doubt  Day,  the  son  of  Night  {irbTVia  Ni;|) ,  the  mother  of  deathless 
gods  and  mortal  men,  was  looked  upon  as  the  less  opulent,  less  teeming  of  the 
two  ;  but  was  that  opinion  ever  clothed  in  the  memorial  form  of  a  proverb  ? 

15.  J^ara  J?e  .  .  .  WSere.  Such  expressions  as  He  [^eghivylc)  Sara  Se 
are  regularly  followed  by  a  singular  verb  in  OE.,  that  is  to  say,  3e  agrees  with 
the  remoter  antecedent  He:  see  11.  25-6.  Hence  by  confused  analogy  the 
same  construction  is  found  where,  as  here,  the  remoter  antecedent  is  plural. 

18.  bearnum.  Beam  is  frequently  used  with  a  dependent  genitive,  as  in 
40^^,  41'*,  meaning  *  children  of  men,  men,'  but  I  know  no  instance  of  its 
being  used  alone  in  this  sense.   I  therefore  suggest  the  reading  beornum. 


98 


il^oteg 


40.  Crkation 
From  the  indication  of  parallel  passages  given  below  it  will  be  seen  how 
closely  the  English  follows  Aldhelm's  Latin.  It  is  in  fact  a  translation  with  a 
little  padding.  * '  Even  the  Riddle  De  Creatura,  the  most  closely  followed  of 
them  all,  is  continually  altered  towards  imaginative  work"  (Brooke).  Some 
of  the  verses  are  in  a  different  order,  and  the  end  is  wanting.  As  in  other 
cases  I  have  added  a  translation  of  the  Latin. 


Xin.   De  Creatura  (Creation). 

Conditor,  eternis  fulsit  qui  saecla  columnis 
Rector  regnorum  fraenans  et  fulmina  lege, 
Pendula  dum  patuli  vertuntur  culmina  mundi, 
Me  variam  fecit  primo  dum  conderet  orbem. 
Pervigii  excubiis  nunquam  dormire  juvabit, 
Sed  tamen  extemplo  clauduntur  lumina  somno, 
Nam  Deus  ut  propria  mundum  ditione  gubernat 
Sic  ego  complector  sub  cceli  cardine  cuncta. 
Segnior  est  nuUus,  quoniam  me  larvula  terret 

10  Setigero  rursus  constans  audacior  apro.  1 

Nullus  me  superat  cupiens  vexilla  triumphi,     ) 
Ni  Deus  aethrali  summus  qui  regnat  in  arce.  ) 
Prorsus  odorato  thure  fragrantior  halans 
Olfactum  Ambrosiae,  necnon  crescentia  glebae. 
Lilia  purpureis  possum  connexa  rosetis 
Vincere,  spirantis  nardi  dulcedine  plena: 
Nunc  olida  coeni  squalentis  sorde  putresco. 
Omnia  quaeque  polo  sunt  subter  et  axe  reguntur 
Dum  pater  arcitencns  concessit,  jure  guberno. 

10  Grossas  et  graciles  rerum  comprenso  figuras, 
Altior  en  caelo  rimor  secreta  Tonantis,  1 

Et  tamen  inferior  terris  tetra  Tartara  cerno.  ' 
Nam  senior  mundo  pracessi  tempora  prisca  ; 
Ecce  tamen  matris  horna  generabar  ab  alvo. 
Pulchrior  auratis  dum  fulget  fibula  bullis  ;  ) 
Horridior  rhamnis,  et  spretis  vilior  algis.  ) 
Latior  en  patulis  terrarum  finibus  exto,  } 
Et  tamen  in  media  concludor  parte  pugilli.  ^ 


Cp.  no.  40, 
11.  1-5 

6-1 1 


•\ 


11-15 
16,  17 
»9 


13-32 


33-37 


I 


38-41 


42-45 


46-49 


50-53 


jliotrfif 


99 


Frigidior  brumis,  necnon  candente  pruina, 
30  Cum  sim  Vulcani  flammis  torrentibus  ardens. 
Dulcior  in  palato  quam  lenti  nectaris  haustus,  ) 
Dirior  et  rursus  quam  glauca  absinthia  campi,  ) 
Mando  dapes  mordax  lurcorum  more  Cyclopum, 
Cum  possim  jugitcr  sine  victu  vivere  felix: 
Plus  pernix  aquilis,  Zephyri  vclocior  alis, 
Necnon  accipitre  properantior,  et  tamcn  horrens 
Lumbricus  et  limax  et  tarda  testudo  palustris, 
Atque  fimi  soboles  sordentis  cantharus  ater 
Me,  dicto  citius,  vincunt  certamine  cursus, 
40  Sic  gravior  plumbo  scopulorum  pondera  verge:  ) 
Sum  levior  pluma  cedit  cui  tippula  lymphae, 
Nam  silici  densas  fundit  qui  viscere  flammas 
Durior  aut  ferro,  testis  sed  mollior  extis, 
Cincinnos  capitis  nam  gesto  cacumine  nullos 
Ornent  qui  frontem  pompis  et  tempora  setis 
Cum  mihi  caesaries  volitent  de  vertice  crispae, 
Plus  calamistratis  se  comunt  quae  calamistro 


54-57 
58-61 
62-65 


-    66-73 


74-77 


78,  79 


U 


98-104 


J 
Pinguior  en  multo  scrofarum  exungia  glesco,  "> 
Glandiferis  iterum  referunt  dum  corpora  fagis,  / 

50  Atque  saginata  laetantur  came  subulci: 
Sed  me  dira  fames  macie  torquebit  egenam, 
Pallida  dum  jugiter  dapibus  satiabor  opimis 
Limpida  sum  fateor  Titanis  clarior  orbe, 
Candidior  nivibus  dum  ningit  vellere  nimbus  j 
Carceris  et  multo  tenebris  obscurior  atris, 
Atque  latebrosis  ambit  quas  Tartarus  umbris. 
Ut  globus  astrorum  plasmor  teres  atque  rotunda, 
Spherula  seu  pilae,  necnon  et  forma  crystalli: 
Et  versa  vice  protendor  ceu  Serica  pensa  '^ 

60  Porrecta  in  gracilem  pannum  seu  stamina  pepli. 
Senis  ecce  plagis  latus  qua  panditur  orbis 
Ulterior  multo  tendor,  mirabile  fatu  ;  j 

Infra  me  suprave  nihil  per  saecula  constat ;       1 
Ni  rerum  genitor  mundum  sermone  coercens.  / 
Grandior  in  glaucis  quam  ballena  fluctibus  atra, ") 
Et  minor  exiguo  sulcat  qui  corpore  verme,  / 


105  etc. 


?8o-85 

86-91 
92-97 


loo  jpotr0 

Aut  modico  PhcEbi  radiis  qui  vibrat  atomo. 

Centenis  peditus  gradior  per  gramina  ruris. 

Et  penitus  nunquam  per  terram  pergo  pedester, 
70  Sic  mea  prudentes  superat  sapientia  Sophos, 

Nee  tamen  in  byblis  docuit  me  littera  dives, 

Aut  unquam  quivi,  quid  constet  syllaba,  nosse. 

Siccior  aestivo  torrentis  caumate  Solis 

Rore  madens  iterum  plus  udo  flumine  fontis. 

Salsior  et  multo  tumidi  quam  marmora  ponti, 

Et  gelidis  terrae  lymphis  insulsior  erro, 

Multiplici  specie  cunctorum  compta  colorum, 

Ex  quibus  ornatur  praesentis  machina  mundi, 

Lurida  cum  toto  nunc  sim  fraudata  colore, 
80  Auscultate  mei  credentes  famina  verbi, 

Pandere  quae  poterit  gnarus  vix  ora  magister, 

Et  tamen  inficians  non  retur  frivola  lector  ; 

Sciscitor  inflatos,  quo  fungar  nomine,  Sophos 

(The  Creator,  who  stablished  the  ages  on  eternal  pillars,  the  Ruler  of 
kingdoms,  who  bridles  the  lightnings  by  his  law,  while  the  heights  of  the 
wide-expanding  universe  are  swaying  to  and  fro  in  space,  formed  me  in 
varied  shapes,  when  in  the  beginning  he  founded  the  world.  Wakefully  I 
keep  watch  ;  never  in  sleep  shall  I  take  pleasure  ;  yet  forthwith  my  eyes  are 
closed  in  sleep.  For  even  as  God  rules  the  universe  by  his  own  power,  so  I 
embrace  all  things  beneath  the  poles  of  the  heavens.  None  is  more  cowardly, 
for  a  mere  goblin  affrights  me,  but  again  I  have  courage  and  am  bolder  than 
the  bristly  boar  (10).  None  outdoes  me  in  my  desire  for  the  banners  of  victory, 
save  God  who  reigns  above  in  the  heavenly  heights.  Truly  I  breathe  forth  a 
scent  that  smells  sweeter  than  the  fragrant  frankincense,  and  yet  I  am  a 
growth  of  the  soil.  Lilies  mingled  with  bright  rosaries  I  can  surpass,  and  I  am 
full  of  the  charm  of  the  sweet-scented  nard.  But  now  I  rot  away  with  the 
stinking  noisomeness  of  filthy  ordure.  All  things  that  exist  and  are  ruled 
beneath  the  vault  of  heaven  rightfully  I  govern,  inasmuch  as  the  Father,  the 
Bow-bearer  [Apollo],  has  given  permission.  Great  and  small  shapes  of  things 
I  hold  in  my  grasp  (20),  Lo  !  rising  higher  than  the  sky  I  search  out  the 
secrets  of  the  Thunderer,  and  yet  sinking  lower  than  the  earth  I  gaze  on  the 
hideous  realms  of  Hell.  For  I  am  older  than  the  universe  and  came  before 
primaeval  times  j  but  lo!   I  was  born  from  my  mother's  womb  this  year. 


i 


0ottii  lor 

Fair  am  I  while  my  clasp  is  shining  with  gilded  amulets  ;  yet  I  am  more  re- 
pulsive than  the  buckthorn  and  more  worthless  than  the  despised  seaweed. 
I  spread  wider  than  the  far-stretching  boundaries  of  the  lands,  and  yet  I  can 
be  held  in  the  middle  of  a  handful.  I  am  colder  than  mid-winter  and  white 
frost,  though  I  may  be  heated  with  the  raging  flames  of  the  Fire-God  (30). 
Sweeter  on  the  palate  I  am  than  a  draught  of  rich  (lit.  slow-flowing)  nectar,  and 
yet  more  horrid  than  the  grey  wormwood  of  the  field.  When  I  eat  my  food 
I  bolt  it  like  the  gluttonous  Cyclopes,  though  I  can  always  live  happily  with- 
out food.  Fleeter  am  I  than  the  eagle,  swifter  than  the  wings  of  the  West 
Wind,  speedier  than  the  hawk  ;  and  yet  the  cowering  earth-worm,  the  snail, 
the  slow  turtle  of  the  marshes,  and  the  black  worm  that  springs  from  foul 
ordure  can  outstrip  me  in  the  race  quicker  than  it  takes  to  tell.  Though  I  am 
heavier  than  lead  and  cause  heavy  crags  to  rise  in  the  scales  (40),  yet  I  am 
lighter  than  a  feather  and  a  water-spider  is  heavier  than  me.  Yea  I  am  harder 
than  the  rock  which  pours  forth  thick  flames  from  its  vitals,  or  than  iron, 
yet  softer  than  roasted  tripe.  I  wear  no  curls  on  the  crown  of  my  head  to 
adorn  my  forehead  and  temples  with  an  artificial  show  of  hair;  for  the  curly 
locks  growing  from  my  head  wave  around  it  and  they  are  more  graceful  than 
locks  curled  with  the  curling-iron.  Lo,  I  grow  far  fatter  than  fat  sows,  when 
they  come  back  from  the  beeches  rich  in  mast  and  the  swine-herds  take  de- 
light in  their  fattened  flesh  (  50)  :  but  dire  hunger  will  torture  me  with  lean- 
ness when  I  am  needy,  whereas  rich  feasts  will  ever  bring  me  pallor  and 
satiety.  I  am  bright,  I  admit,  brighter  than  the  orb  of  the  sun,  whiter  than 
snow  when  the  clouds  drop  snow  like  wool ;  darker  by  far  than  the  black 
shadows  of  the  dungeon,  and  the  obscure  gloom  which  Hell  encompasses. 
Like  a  planet's  globe  I  am  moulded  smooth  and  round,  or  a  spherical  ball,  or 
a  crystal  globe,  and  changing  again  I  am  extended  like  Chinese  silk  thread 
stretched  out  into  thin  material,  or  like  the  threads  of  a  state  robe  (60).  Lo, 
where  the  earth  spreads  out  through  its  six  zones,  I  extend  much  further, 
marvellous  to  tell  5  below  me  and  above  me  nothing  exists  throughout  the 
ages,  save  the  Father  of  all  things  who  curbs  the  universe  by  his  word.  I  am 
larger  than  the  black  whale  in  the  grey  waves,  and  smaller  than  the  worm 
which  makes  a  furrow  with  its  little  body  or  than  the  tiny  atom  that  trembles 
in  the  sun's  rays.  With  a  hundred  feet  I  walk  through  the  grassy  fields  ;  yet 
I  never  go  at  all  through  the  land  on  foot.  My  wisdom  surpasses  the  know- 
ledge of  the  philosophers  (70)  ;  but  I  have  not  been  taught  by  costly  letters 
written  on  papyrus,  nor  could  I  ever  understand  what  a  syllable  is.  I  am  drier 
than  the  summer  heat  of  the  blazing  sun  :  again  I  am  more  drenched  with 


102  #Otf0 

dewy  moisture  than  the  watery  stream  from  the  spring.  Salter  am  I  than  the 
smooth  expanse  of  the  heaving  deep,  and  I  wander  about  more  insipid  than 
the  chill  streams  on  land,  adorned  by  the  manifold  beauty  of  all  the  hues  to 
which  the  structure  of  this  present  universe  owes  its  adornment ;  though  again 
I  am  wan  and  robbed  of  all  my  colour.  Give  ear  and  believe  the  tenor  of  my 
words  (80),  utterances  that  a  clever  master  will  scarce  be  able  to  explain  ;  and 
yet  a  reader  who  dips  into  them  would  not  think  them  trifling.  I  would  ask 
of  puffed-up  philosophers  what  name  I  bear). 

2.  The  first  half  of  the  line  is  obviously  short.  I  believe  ivealdeS  has 
dropped  out  after  ivredstupum  ;  healded  and  ivealded  occur  together  again  in 
11.  5  &  22.    For  construction  cp.  Ps.  88'°  :    *  Heofonas  'Su  wealdest.' 

5.  ymb  .   .   .   hweorfeS,  by  tmesis  for  ymk/iiveorfed,  encompasses. 

14-5.  Creation  says  :  *  I,  who  am  the  word  and  instrument  of  the  Creator, 
include  all  his  creatures.' 

26.  wraestra  sc,  on  stence  (1.  23). 

31-2.  Jjis  fen  swearte  —  stinceS:  This  seems  to  point  to  Peter- 
borough, Crowland  or  Ely;  cp.  11.  48-9  &  71. 

42.  J?aes.  I  am  reluctant  to  abandon  the  MS.  reading  for  the  weaker 
pes;  pas  bears  the  arsis  much  better.  It  may  refer  to  heofon  in  1.  38,  or 
anticipate  middangeard  in  1.  43,  or  be  used  with  a  vague  reference  to  what 
precedes  (*  I  am  much  older  than  the  circuit  thereof).  Tmbhivyrft  is  most 
often  found  with  the  dependent  genitive  eordan,  but  also  with  heofones  and 
middangeardes  ;  cp.  Orosius  i.  I  :  '  ealne  "Sisnc  ymbhwyrft  ^ises  middan- 
geardes,'  rendering  or  hem  totius  terrae. 

61.  on  hyrstum  :  Grein  renders  *  im  Blattschmuck'  (amid  the  varie- 
gated leaves),  confounding  this  masc.  word,  mod.  hunt  in  place-names,  with 
the  fem.  hyrst,  gehyrst^  ornament. 

heasewe:  the  form  is  that  of  the  nom.  pi.  of  the  adj.  or  (as  here)  that 
of  the  adv. 

65.  sy:  for  the  form  see  Siev.  §  374,  N.  4-6. 

66.  pernex  :  a  bird  invented  by  the  poet.  I  fear  there  can  be  no  doubt  that 
the  Latin  word  pernix  (see  Aldhelm  sup.  1.  35,  '  Plus  pernix  aquilis')  was 
a  will  o'  the  wisp  to  our  early  poets,  for  this  is  the  very  word  which  so  griev- 
ously led  Chaucer  astray,  when  he,  misled  by  Italian  pernice,  translated  pernici- 
bus  alts  {JEne'id  iv.   1 80)  '  partriches  winges  redely  '  {House  of  Fame  1. 1 392). 

71.   hrej^re.    The  choice  lies  between  hrepre  =  hradre  (see  1.  72),  and 
krepre  =  re  pre,  more  fierce  (zealous).    For  the  former  cp.  AreSe  =  AraSe, 
reSe  in  Genesis  2261,  Guthlac   1 1 13,  and 


il^oteflf  103 

elsewhere.  I  reject  the  tautology  of  fore  hrepre  and  gonge  hradra  in  follow- 
ing lines. 

78.  heardra.  The  variation  of  gender  is  noticeable  throughout  this 
piece;  cp.  hnacre  (1.  80),  bridre  (50)  and  ivldgielra  (51),  and  see  Intro- 
duction :  The  Gender  of  x. 

82-3.  These  lines  are  repeated  from  11.  50-1  ;  there  is  sameness  of  idea, 
but  not  of  wording,  in  the  corresponding  passages  of  the  Latin. 

84.    The  second  half  of  this  line  is  short. 

91.   For  gej^eon  =  Syivan^  3yn,  see  Siev.  §  408,  N.  12,  18. 

41. 

The  solution  of  this  fragment  is  not  worth  discussing.  For  suggested  an- 
swers in  all  cases  see  the  Index  in  the  Introduction. 

42.   Cock  and   Hen 
[Ref.:  Sievers  Angl'ta  xiii.  13.]  _ 

9.  twega  oJ?er  :  one  of  two  (each).  Nyd,  ^sc,  Ac  &  Haegel  are  the 
namti  of  the  runic  characters  for  «,  a^  a  and  h  respectively.  The  riddle  tells 
us  that  there  are  two  ws,  one  ^,  two  a%  and  two  ^s,  and  that  there  is  one  « 
in  each  name.   The  words  are  therefore  hana  and  han. 

1 1 .  h wy Ic  :  an  unusual  and  noteworthy  use  of  hivylc^  not  recorded  in 
B-T.  The  passage  may  be  literally  translated  :  <  if  any  one  unlocked  the 
bonds  of  that  hoard-gate  with  the  might  of  the  key,  which  held  the  riddle 
concealed  with  cunning  bands  against  the  sages  wise  in  heart.' 

17.  hSan  mode.  Heanmode,  dejected,  is  not  suited  to  the  context. 
Grein  proposed  heahmode^  haughty,  which  gives  the  required  sense.  But  the 
same  sense  can  be  obtained  by  simply  making  Kian  mode  two  words,  *  haughty 
in  mind,'  or  '  with  (of)  haughty  mind'  ;  parallels  to  both  these  constructions 
arc  not  uncommon. 

43.    Body    and    Soul    (Mind) 

13—4.  The  common  relation  of  both  body  and  mind  (soul),  who  is  at 
once  mother  and  sister,  is  the  earth  (Diet.). 

16.  sprice  :  I  have  retained  this  unusual  form  of  the  1st  pers.  sing,  both 
here  and  in  23"  (Gr-W.  keeps  it  there  and  alters  it  here).  It  must  be 
due  to  analogy  with  the  mutated  forms  of  the  2d  and  3d  persons ;  sprictd 
occurs  in  28'°  (but  spreced  in  20"). 


104  iliotesf 

44.    Key 

[Refs.:  Walz  265  ;  Traut.*  192.] 

Dietrich  also  proposed  Sheath,  and  Tupper  says  "  either  or  both  may  be  cor- 
rect, as  each  has  strong  support. "  I  doubt  the  applicability  of  the  word  *  Jjyrel ' 
(from  purk)  to  a  sheath. 

7.  he.  In  face  of  the  positive  assertions  of  Trautmann  and  Cosijn,  that 
the  gender  of  the  name  of  the  solution  is  rigorously  observed,  it  is  noteworthy 
that  the  only  solutions  proposed  for  this  riddle  are  cag,  feminine,  and  iceaS, 

feminine. 

45.   Dough 

*  Confirmatory  evidence  of  Dough  is  overwhelming. '  —  Tupper.  But  the 
riddle  itself  seems  sufficient  evidence,  as  against  the  only  other  solution  sug- 
gested, Bee.  Any  one  who  has  seen  bread  made  will  acknowledge  the  accuracy 
of  the  description  :  the  dough  swelling,  making  sounds  (the  curious  little  hissing 
explosions  as  the  yeast  works  through  the  mass),  raising  the  roof  or  surface, 
and  being  covered  with  a  cloth. 

46.    Lot    and    his    Daughters 

See  Genesis  xix.  vv.  32-38. 

I.   Waer  is  a  Northumbrian  form. 

47.    Bookworm 

This  is  one  of  the  seven  riddles  that  Tupper  considers  to  be  "based  so  di- 
rectly upon  the  Latin  that  we  may  fairly  regard  them  as  translations  or  repro- 
ductions." The  resemblance  is  obvious,  but  only  in  idea.  The  English  riddle 
monopolizes  the  poetry.  The  Latin  sav's  the  same  thing  three  times  in  differ- 
ent words.    But  the  reader  shall  judge  for  himself. 

Symphosius,  No.  16.  Tinea  (Bookworm). 

Littera  me  pavit,  nee,  quid  sit  littera,  novi.    . 

In  libris  vixi,  nee  sum  studiosior  inde. 

Exedi  musas,  nee  adhuc  tamen  ipsa  profeci 
(A  letter  was  my  food,  yet  I  know  not  what  a  letter  is.    In  books  I  lived,  yet 
I  am  no  more  studious  on  that  account.    I   devoured  the  Muses,  yet  so  far  I 
have  made  no  progress). 

5.  Jjaes  strangan:  I  am  not  certain  as  to  the  meaning  of  these  words. 
From  their  position  I  take  them  to  be  a  subjective  genitive  :  the  foundation 
is  laid  by  the  '  wera  sumes'  of  1.  3,  who  is  strong. 


iliote0  105 

48.   Chalici. 

Prehn  suggested  Monstrance,  but  the  monstrance  probably  dates  from  the 
13th  century  and  is  certainly  too  late.   See  notes  to  Riddle  59. 

49. 

It  maybe  well  to  explain  that  Diet.'s  first  suggestion,  Uhu,  is  a  large  owl, 
commonly  used  to  decoy  other  birds.  It  is  exposed  in  the  daylight  and  they 
come  to  torment  it.  This  my  friend,  Mr.  Hight,  tells  me  he  has  seen  in  the 
Harz.  Diet,  later  abandoned  this  solution  in  favor  of  Book-chest,  which  still, 
if  somewhat  timidly,  holds  the  field.  The  uncertainty  as  to  the  solution  re- 
acts necessarily,  to  some  extent,  upon  the  translation.  The  subject  of  the  rid- 
dle is  something  deaf  and  dumb  (1.  2)  which  swallows  from  the  hand  of  a 
gop  (slave  ?).  The  dumb  one  is  in  the  last  line  said  to  be  swarthy  (eorp), 
which  clearly  identifies  it  with  the  'thane'  of  1.  4,  who  is  dark  (%uonna), 
black  (siveart)  and  swarthy-faced  (saloneb) .  But  the  poet  also  desires  to  mys- 
tify us  about  a  race  {cyn^  1.  8),  which  Diet,  takes  to  mean  books,  but  which, 
as  I  translate  (v.  inf. ) ,  must  mean  scribes  or,  still  better  (with  a  pretty  touch 
of  professional  delicacy),  authors. 

8-1 1.  I  translate  doubtfully:  "I  will  not  now  yet  name  the  race  who 
prepare  thus  for  his  use  and  benefit  what  the  mute,  a  swarthy  ignoramus, 
swallows  as  said  above"  {her  .   .    .  aer  =  her-ar^  cp.  her-after). 

50.  Fire. 

9.  life  on  lissum :  for  their  joy  in  life.  I  take  this  to  be  one  of  the 
very  rare  instances  where  o«,  governing  the  dative,  follows  its  case. 

51.   Quill-pen. 

This  solution,  put  forward  in  Traut.^,  is  in  possession  of  the  field.  The  four 
creatures  (1.  l)  are  the  thumb,  two  fingers  and  the  pen,  and  the  fighting  war- 
rior that  directs  them  (1.  6)  is  the  arm.  He  compares  Tatwine's  riddle  De 
Penna,  which  is  '  vincta  tribus'(jc.  digitis).  The  fated  go/d  (1.  7)  is  the  gold 
mount  of  the  ink-horn;  cp.  14'"^. 

52.  Two  Buckets   in  a  Well. 

[Refs. :  Trautmann  in  .^«g-//a  xvii.  396;  Walz265;  Traut.^  1983  Tupper 
106.] 


io6  ipote0 

53.   Battering  Ram, 

Traut.  proposes  Spear  (neut.),  although  h'e  (1.  8)  and  i«  arra  (1.  12)  ap- 
pear to  break  his  own  canon,  that  "the  OE.  riddlers  very  carefully  preserve 
the  gender  of  the  solutions."  On  the  other  hand,  ramm  is  masc.  Diet,  com- 
pares '  purh  his  heafdes  mzegen  '  (1.  9)  with  Aldhelm's  De  Arkte  :  *  Turri- 
tas  urbes  capitis  certamine  quasso. ' 

12.  faer  genam :  fell  into  danger  or  (possibly)  fear.  There  is  no  other 
occurrence  of  the  expression,  and  the  metre  is  defective. 

13.  in  nearowe:  /it.  into  straits,  prob.  into  close  conflict  with  it  (se 
after  a) . 

54.   Churn. 

The  only  competing  solution  is  Diet.'s  Baker's  boy  and  oven.  0/en  is  masc. , 
cyren  fern.,  and  there  are  numerous  indications  of  fem.  gender.  And  the 
whole  cast  of  the  riddle  favors  Churn:  e.g.  churning  is  much  the  more  tir- 
ing and  tedious  work:  cp.  teorode  (8),  iverig  pas  iveorcez  (10).  Lastly, 
vogue  favours  this  solution,  and  to  the  argument  drawn  from  tradition  great 
weight  must  be  assigned. 

55.   Scabbard 

The  scabbard  is  richly  decorated  (11.  3,4),  and  divided  into  quarters  by  a 
cross  5  probably  each  quarter  was  made  of  a  different  wood  (11.  9,  10). 

5.  l^aes  :  of  him  who. 

6,  7.  helwara  burg  abrsece:  a  reference  to  the  Harrowing  of  Hell, 
which,  based  on  i  Pet.  iii.  19,  20,  was  developed  in  the  apocryphal  Gospel 
of  Nicodemus^  became  one  of  the  great  themes  of  the  dark  ages,  and  furnished 
a  well-known  scene  in  the  cycles  of  Mysteries. 

12.  •sN\A^%2S.^dXx^O=^ivearg-r'od  =  'wearg-tr'eoiv^  O.S.  ivarag-treo, 
Icel.  -varg-ire,  all  meaning  'gallows,'  '  cross,'  from  nvearg  =  ivulf-heafody 
criminal,  outlaw.  Halliwell  says  that  ivolf-head  is  the  usual  old  word  for 
*  outlaw. '  The  reason  is  obvious  :  the  outlaw  had  no  more  rights  than  a 
wolf,  and  there  was  no  punishment  for  killing  him. 

56. 

Loom  and  Thresher's  flail  here  compete  for  our  suffrages  ;  the  latter  has 
mine.  Let  the  student  read  the  riddle  once  through  with  each  solution  in 
mind,  and  decide  for  himself. 


jl^otesf  107 

'  5-  W^udu.  As  I  interpret  Flail,  I  take  ivido  (1.  2  —  a  very  early  form) 
and  ivudu  to  mean  the  threshing  floor  ;  londe  (8),  the  ground  in  opposition  to 
the  air,  has  the  same  meaning.  "The  spears  of  straw  were  a  misery  to  the 
flail,  and  so  was  the  wood  of  the  floor." 

8.  leolc :  one  of  the  few  remnants  in  OE.  of  the  reduplicating  past  tenses. 
See  Siev.  §  394. 

10.  lafe  .  .  .  J>ara  flangeweorca:  the  bread,  or  the  woven  cloth. 
This  is  a  frequent  mode  of  expressing  the  finished  product  in  OE.;  cp.5'and  70^ 

57.   Gnats  or  Midges. 

[Refs.:    Traut.  50;  Traut.^  199.] 

**I  object  to  Dietrich's  airy  '  Swallows  or  if  you  like  Gnats.'  There  was 
no  '  if  you  like  '  about  the  OE.  riddle."  — Trautmann  in  AngUa  xvii.  398. 

But,  one  may  fairly  ask,  is  Trautmann's  own  course  preferable,  when  he 
solemnly  proposes  at  different  times  Hailstones,  Drops  of  rain,  and  Storm- 
clouds,  and  with  each  new  proposal  as  solemnly  rejects  the  last  ? 

*•  Anyway,  Swallows  hardly  tredad  bearonassas  and  Gnats  hardly  hlude  cir- 
mad. ' '  —  Trautmann  ib. 

I  submit  that  this  is  hardly  fair  criticism.  In  the  first  place,  the  word  tredafS 
must  not  be  taken  too  literally.  Is  it  not  as  applicable  to  Swallows  as  to  Storm- 
clouds  ?  And,  as  applied  to  Gnats  or  Midges,  I  find  it  a  perfectly  delightful 
word  for  their  up  and  down  motion  in  the  summer  air.  And  gnats  hardly 
hlude  cirmaS  ?  That  depends  entirely  on  the  distance  from  your  ear.  At  his 
own  selected  distance  the  vibration  of  the  wings  of  a  solitary  gnat  produces  a 
"  chirm  "  much  too  loud  for  comfort  or  sleep. 

3.  SangeS  rofe  :  valiant  in  song.  The  MS.  has  rope.  A  word  row, 
mild,  occurs  once  in  OE.  prose  to  describe  the  itch,  and  Cosijn  adduces  that  as 
a  parallel  passage  in  support  of  the  reading  roive  here  ! 

58.   Riding-well. 

Diet,  says  such  wells  exist  in  Saxony  and  Prussia.  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Eirikr 
Magnusson  well  remember  them  in  Iceland  and  Denmark.  Mr.  Hight  tells 
me  he  has  often  seen  them  in  brick-fields  near  London,  also  in  Madras, 
worked  by  men  riding  on  them,  and  he  has  furnished  me  with  a  sketch  of 
one  (see  fig.). 

14-5.   I  have  seen  no  explanation  of  this  closing  sentence  but  Diet.'s,  and 


io8  iliote0 

that  is  not  convincing.  He  takes  ry Ate  runsfafas  to  mean  consonants,  and  sug- 
gests burna.  The  last  word  in  the  MS.  \sfurumy  for  which  he  proposesy«r- 
ara/77,  and  translates  :  'at  whose  beginning  is  the  word  raJ,'  arriving  thus  at 
the  compound  radhurna. 

For  furum  I  have  read  forma,  first.  It  is  possible  that  the  epithet  ryhte  is 
merely  ornamental,  and  that  *  three  right  runes  are  in  the  name  '  means  merely 
that  the  answer  is  a  word  of  three  letters,  of  which  r  is  the  first  (Rad  is  the 
name  of  the  runic  r).   In  this  case  the  name  may  have  been  rid^  rod  or  rad. 

59.   Chalick. 

There  can  be  little,  if  any,  doubt  that  the  solutions  of  48  and  59  are  the 
same.  The  only  serious  competitor  of  Chalice  is  Pyx.  Both  were  circular  in 
shape,  and  each  might  be  spoken  of  in  Riddle-language  as  a  'ring.'  But  these 
riddles  would  do  too  much  honor  to  the  pyx,  which  was  a  mere  convenience, 
not  a  iymboly  not  even  a  sacred  vessel ;  whereas  the  chalice  was  a  sacred  vessel 
consecrated  with  holy  chrism. 

The  similarities  between  this  riddle  and  No.  48  are  obvious.  This  suffers 
from  being,  apparently,  an  expansion  of  the  former,  as  well  as  from  a  defective 
text  which  leaves  the  meaning  of  parts  quite  uncertain.  There  is  too  the  vague- 
ness and  dulness  of  phrase  which  unfortunately  characterise  so  much  of  OE. 
religious  poetry. 

4.  nergende,  for  nergendne  :  cp.  Siev,  ^  305,  N.  I.  The  final -e  proves 
the  adj.,  not  the  noun. 

II.  Dryhten  dolgdon  (=  dolgdan).  By  thus  altering  the  meaning- 
less dryAt  dolgdon  of  the  MS.  I  have  tried  to  make  sense  of  a  difficult  passage; 
*  Dumb,  it  brought  vividly  into  his  mind  the  name  of  his  Lord,  and  into  the 
sight  of  his  eyes,  if  he  could  understand  the  token  of  the  noble  gold,  the 
wounded  Lord.' 

60.   Reed. 

This  riddle  is  immediately  followed  in  the  Exeter  Book  by  the  "  Husband's 
Message,"  and  Blackburn  has  put  forward  the  hypothesis  that  it  forms  in  reality 
the  opening  of  the  latter  poem.  For  the  full  statement  of  his  case  see  Journal 
of  Germanic  Philology  in.  I  (1900).  **  The  riddle  form  is  not  distinct  here 
...  we  do  not  find  the  apparent  contradictions  that  are  meant  to  puzzle  the 
hearer.  .  .  .  The  object  that  speaks  is  plainly  a  'letter,'  OE.  beam,  i.e. 
a  slip  of  wood  on  which  a  message  had  been  carved.    But  what  follows  in  the 


0ott^  109 

MS.  is  also  the  utterance  of  a  letter,  which  is  represented  as  delivering  its 
errand  as  a  living  messenger  might  do  ;  and  when  we  read  the  whole  as  a  single 
poem,  we  find  a  consecutiveness  and  unity  so  clear,  etc. "  It  is  noteworthy  that 
no  other  riddle  occurs  in  this  part  of  the  MS.,  except  the  second  (incomplete) 
form  of  Riddle  30,  Blackburn's  solution  of  which  is  beam;  and  he  attributes 
the  intrusion  of  this  one  riddle  among  other  poems  to  the  connection  of  beam 
with  what  follows  and  the  mistake  of  a  scribe. 

Tupper  retorts  [M.  L.  Notes  xviii.  98)  :  ''  Blackburn's  pretty  and  ingenious 
theory  can  rest  only  upon  a  studious  ignoring  of  the  correspondence  between 
all  the  motives  in  the  little  A.S.  poem  and  those  in  the  <  Arundo  '  problem 
of  Symphosius.  Then,  too,  this  theory  calmly  overlooks  the  striking  circum- 
stance, that  this  Latin  '  Arundo  '  enigma  has  been  expanded  into  Kunstratsel 
in  several  languages." 

It  seems  impertinent  to  discuss  the  matter  further  after  this  Olympian  utter- 
ance, but  even  Jove's  outlook  is  limited.  The  following  points  must  be  duly 
weighed. 

(i)  The  Lat.  *  Arundo  '  consists  of  three  lines,  and  the  reader  shall  judge 
whether  it  anticipates  **  all  the  motives"  of  No.  60: 

Dulcis  amica  Dei,  ripis  vicina  profundis, 
Suavfe  canens  Musis,  nigro  perfusa  colore, 
Nuntia  sum  linguae,  digitis  stipata  magistri 

(I,  the  god's  dear  mistress,  that  dwell  near  the  deep  banks,  sweetly  singing  to 
the  Muses,  overspread  with  black  hue,  I  am  the  herald  of  my  master's  tongue 
when  pressed  light  between  his  fingers).  In  any  case  the  prize  this  time  is 
distinctly  for  the  Englishman,  who  puts  his  matter  so  poetically,  whether  in 
riddle  or  lyric. 

(a)  The  form  of  No.  60  is  certainly  unusual,  not  only  in  being  non-enig- 
matic, but  in  the  striking  introduction  of  a  person  addressed  in  1.  14. 

(3)  The  *  Husband's  Message  '  is  unfortunately  very  fragmentary  in  the 
opening  lines,  but  the  meaning  of  the  first  two  lines  is  sufficiently  clear,  and  I 
think  Blackburn  makes  an  excellent  point  in  their  apparent  continuity  from 
the  closing  lines  of  No.  60.  I  quote  his  rendering  from  the  middle  of  1.  14  to 
the  end  of  1.  2  of  the  '  Message  '  : 

"  that  boldly  I  might 

So  deliver  a  message  to  thee 

In  the  presence  of  us  two  alone, 

That  to  other  men  our  talk 


no  jl^oteef 

May  not  make  it  more  widely  known.* 

Now  to  thee  will  I  tell  apart 
That  I  sprang  from  the  stock  of  the  tree-race." 
In  fact,  so  specious  is  this  continuity  that  one  is  tempted  to  hazard  the  con- 
jecture that  an  unilluminated  scribe  started  with  a   '  Reed  '  riddle,  and,  not 
recognizing  it  as  such,  attempted  to  weld  it  into  one  piece  with  the  following 
lyric. 

6i. 

The  answers  hitherto  proposed  are  Shirt  and  Coat  of  mail.  I  cannot  recon- 
cile either  of  these  with  11.  5  and  6,  whereas  Helmet  seems  to  me  free  from 
difficulty.  L.  5  cannot  mean  '  He  stuck  his  head  in  my  breast,'  bee.  stician 
as  a  trans,  verb  means  only  '  stab,  pierce' ;  whereas,  as  an  intrans.  verb,  it  has 
the  very  meaning  here  required,  'stick,  remain  fast.'  The  wearer's  head  may 
be  said  to  stick  fast  in  the  breast  of  a  helmet,  but  not  in  the  breast  of  a  shirt 
or  a  coat  of  mail.  Besides,  I.  6  appears  to  describe  accurately  the  action  of 
putting  on  a  helmet:  the  helmet  is  held  upside  doivn  in  the  hands  before  being 
placed  on  the  head  ;  so,  **  turned  upwards  he  fixed  me  from  beneath  in  a  tight 
place  or  in  a  position  of  danger."  Ruives  nathivat  (1.  9)  fits  a  head  of  hair 
better  than  anything  else. 

9.  ruwes :  see  Siev.  §  116. 

62. 

It  seems  pretty  clear  that  some  boring  tool  is  intended. 

I.  [h]ingonges:  the  h  is  required  for  the  alliteration;  and  hingonges 
is  a  much  better  parallel  than  ingonges  to  ford s't pes. 

5.  mec  .  .  .  seftan-weardne :  the  back  part  of  me.  It  does  no  vio- 
lence to  the  sense  if  one  renders  aftaniveardne  *  from  behind,'  as  if  it  were  an 
adverb. 

7.  fareS,  the  reading  of  the  MS.,  is  impossible,  for  it  is  contradicted  by 
the  next  line:  the  southern  man  does  not  return  to  the  hole  ;  he  drives  me 
into  it  again. 

63.   Beaker. 

Once  more  I  quote  here  the  supposed  Latin  original,  because  it  seems  to  me 
of  the  greatest  value  that  the  student  should  judge  for  himself  the  amount  of 

*  Lit.  * '  So  that  more  men  should  not  more  widely  mention  it,  the  talk 
of  us  two." 


0Ott&  1 1 1 


the  OE.  fiddler's  indebtedness  to  models.  The  answer  to  the  Latin  is  too  obvi- 
ous ;  the  OE.  enigma  almost  always  gives  you  something  to  guess.  This  is  one 
of  the  sixteen  riddles  of  which  Tupper  says:  "The  use  and  development  of 
one  or  more  motives  so  closely  suggest  both  the  matter  and  manner  of  the 
Latin  enigmas  that  we  can  hardly  entertain  a  doubt  of  the  service  done  to  EBR. 
by  the  earlier  and  more  bookish  puzzles."  In  this  instance  I  see  little  con- 
nection beyond  the  fact  that  in  the  English  riddle  too  someone  kisses  the  tank- 
ard ;  but  that  may  be  due  in  part  to  its  fragmentary  state. 
Aldhelm  vi.  9:  De  Calice  vitreo  (glass  goblet). 

De  rimis  lapidum  profluxi  flumine  lento, 
Dum  frangunt  flammae  saxorum  viscera  dura, 
Et  laxis  ardor  fornacis  ardet  habenis. 
Nunc  mihi  forma  capax,  glacieque  simillima  lucet 
Nempe  volunt  plures  coUum  confringere  dextra 
Et  pulchre  digitis  lubricum  comprendere  corpus. 
Sed  mentes  muto  dum  labris  oscula  trado. 
Dulcia  compressis  impendens  bacchia  buccis 
Atque  pedum  gressus  titubantes  sterno  ruina 

(From  the  cracked  stones  I  poured  in  sluggish  stream,  what  time  the  flames 
broke  up  the  hard  vitals  of  the  rocks  and  the  heat  of  the  furnace  raged  un- 
checked. Now  I  am  shaped  to  hold  things  and  I  glitter  like  ice.  Many,  you 
must  know,  would  like  to  break  my  neck  with  the  right  hand  and  grasp  my 
slippery  form  with  the  fingers,  for  I  am  fair  to  see.  But  I  turn  their  brains 
when  I  kiss  their  lips,  holding  the  sweet  gifts  of  the  wine-god  over  their  well 
filled  cheeks.  Ay,  and  their  tottering  steps  headlong  I  bring  down  to  the 
ground). 

Here  the  fearful  mutilation  of  the  MS.,  becoming  worse  in  each  succeed- 
ing folio,  begins  seriously  to  affect  the  text  As  the  folios  of  the  MS.,  back 
and  front,  are  recorded  in  the  margin  of  the  text,  the  reader  can  observe  that 
the  spoilt  passages  begin  a  few  lines  below  the  top  of  each  folio.  There  is  a 
restoration  of  the  missing  parts  in  Diet.  (xi.  478),  which  serves  the  useful  pur- 
pose of  making  the  unrestored  originals  appear  the  finest  poetry. 

64. 

See  sheet  of  figures. 

Often  the  greatest  amount  of  time  and  thought  have  been  expended  upon 
the  riddles  that  are  least  worthy  of  them.   This  riddle  is  still  unsolved,  but  it 


112  jl^otefif 

offers  no  guerdon  of  immortality.  It  resembles  No.  1 9  in  that  the  nama  of  the 
runes  must  be  read  for  the  metre,  but  apparently  the  runes  are  to  be  taken  as 
Utters  for  the  interpretation.  It  is  pretty  clearly  of  the  *'  Horse-Man-Hawk" 
variety,  and  one  may  begin  to  translate  thus :  '  I  saw  [a  horse]  faring  over  the 
plain,  bearing  [a  man]  ;  to  both  was  on  the  journey  a  possessor's  joy,  [hawk], 
likewise  a  share  of  might,  [a  man].'  Even  this  is  the  essenceof  feebleness:  the 
man  is  a  '  share  of  might'  both  to  the  horse  and  to  himself. 

According  to  Diet,  the  runes  stand  for  W  I  B  E  H  A  D  E  F  A  EA  S  P, 
which  when  arranged  in  proper  order  make  the  words :  pea  beah-siv'tfeday 
nng-tailed  peacock,  which  is  his  solution.  The  objections  to  this  are  numer- 
ous. The  second  A  is  a  mistake  for  /E  (see  text,  and  the  table  of  Runes  in 
the  Introduction).  The  change  of  D  to  D  is  not  allowable;  'S  (or  }>)  is  re- 
quired to  alliterate  with  prypa.  Dietrich  admits  that  stutfeda  is  a  coinage  of 
his  own.  His  solution  leaves  all  the  riddle  but  the  runes  unexplained.  The  ea 
in  pea  and  the  ea  in  blah  can  hardly  be  given  by  two  runes  in  the  one  case 
and  one  rune  in  the  other.    And  so  on. 

Hicketier  {Anglia  x.  596-600)  regards  the  runes  in  11.  1-4  as  abbreviations; 
two  consecutive  runes  are  to  be  taken  together  and  give  the  first  two  letters 
of  the  required  words,  which  are  ivicg^  beorn^  hafoc,  P^g^-  Then  he  makes 
a  desperate  attempt  to  get  something  intelligible  out  of  F  and  JE,^  and  S  and 
P.  Here  is  his  argument  condensed  :  '  Falca  is  quite  a  natural  misspelling  of 
a  foreign  word  for  a  foreign  bird.  A  falcon  naturally  rejoices  when  he  gets  free 
and  flies.  Ea,  not  being  a  pair  of  runes  like  the  other  letters,  must  be  the 
word  ea,  water,  as  you  would  naturally  expect  in  a  falcon-hunt.  S  P  then  must 
be  in  apposition  to  falca  and,  as  any  Englishman  of  the  8th  century  would 
guess  at  once,*  must  be  spear hafuc,  sparrow-hawk.'  As  I  have  nothing  bet- 
ter to  suggest,  I  have  punctuated  the  riddle  on  this  basis.  The  concluding 
words,  sylfes  pasfokesy  may  mean  that  spearhafuc  (the  sparrow-hawk  belongs 
to  the  Falconidix)  is  the  native  name  for  the  falcon.  Barnouw  says  they  refer 
to  the  six  creatures  indicated  by  the  runes. 

Traut.  adopts  Hicketier's  method,  but  takes  the  runes  in  the  last  three  lines 
to  mean  pegnat  or  pioivasy  hafoc,  earhy  speru;  he  does  not  vouchsafe  any  ex- 
planation. 

■*  This  intimate  knowledge  of  the  Englishman  of  the  8th  century  fills  me 
with  envy. 


#ote0  113 

65.    Onion 
The  last  two  lines  should  be  compared  with  Symphosius  No.  44:  Cepa  (onion). 

Mordeo  mordentes,  ultro  non  mordeo  quemquam  : 

Scd  sunt  mordentem  multi  mordere  parati  ; 

Nemo  timet  morsum,  dentes  quia  non  habeo  ullos 
(I  bite  those  that  bite  me  ;  of  my  own  accord  I  bite  no  one  ;  but  though  I  bite, 
many  are  ready  to  bite  me.    No  one  fears  my  bite,  because  I  have  no  teeth). 

"A  motive  long  connected  with  a  certain  solution  may,  in  a  later  time  or 
among  another  folk,  become  attached  to  other  subjects  and  do  double  or  triple 
duty.  The  well-known  English  Cherry  riddle  has  much  in  common  with  three 
German  puzzles — those  of  the  Cherry,  Arbutus,  and  Haw  (Hagebutte). 
Side  by  side  with  this  may  be  placed  the  onion-hemp-pepper  motive  or 
early  Latin  and  English  riddles.  Symph.  44  (Onion);  Exeter  Bk.  25  (Hemp) 
65  (Onion)  ;  Vienna  MS.  67,  No.  38  (Pepper).  See  also  Royal  Riddle  Bk.\ 
p.  II."  —  Tupper  (p.  6). 

66.   Creation 
Thii  may  be  an  abridgment  of  No.  40,  with  which  it  should  be  compared. 

67. 

The  readable  passages  of  this  mutilated  riddle  give  no  reasonable  clue  to  the 
solution. 

68. 

See  foot-note  to  text  &  sheet  of  figures. 

Traut.  considers  11.  i  and  2  the  beginning  of  an  incomplete  riddle,  and  1.3  a 
separate  riddle.  But  on  ivege  in  1.  3  seems  to  refer  to  1.  I.  LI.  i  and  2  are  almost 
identical  with  the  first  two  lines  of  No.  36,  which  shows  that  they  are  not  a 
complete  riddle  in  themselves.  The  answers  Winter  and  Ice  have  been  pro- 
posed ;  in  either  case  the  word  bone  (I.  3)  is  feeble  and  inaccurate.  It  would 
seem  to  me  to  point  rather  to  something  in  the  nature  of  petrifaction,  recalling 
to  mind  various  objects  that  I  once  possessed  that  had  been  petrified  in  the  Drip- 
ping Well  at  Knaresborough  in  Yorkshire. 

69.    Shepherd's   Pipe 

2,  3.  woh  orjjoncum  geworht :  made  crooked  with  skill.  Diet. 
says  he  has  seen  such  a  shepherd's  pipe  with  bent  mouthpiece. 


114  jl^otesi 

3.  eaxle  twa:  apparently  the  stops  on  either  side,  which  make  the  crea- 
ture seem  to  "sing  through  its  side." 

5.  Stonde  :  one  would  rather  have  expected  stondeS,  but  the  meaning  of 
these  last  two  lines  is  obscure. 

70. 

It  seems  to  me  that  the  subject  of  this  riddle  is  Iron,  first  in  the  ore  (11.  1-3), 
then  made  into  a  weapon  (11.  3  sei^.). 

2.  The  first  half  of  this  line  has  usually  been  taken  with  1.  i.  I  take  1.  i  as 
an  introductory  statement,  reade  being  in  allusion  to  the  color  of  the  ore,  red 
or  brown  haematite  (ferric  oxide).  Then  StiS  and  steap  ivong,  with  stapol 
ivyrta  ivUtetorhtra  in  apposition,  is  the  place  whence  the  ore  is  obtained  5 
cp.  No.  35,  11.  I,  2.  The  next  two  lines  (middle  of  3  to  middle  of  5)  describe 
the  making  of  a  weapon,  apparently  i^for  m'tnum  gripe)  a  weapon  of  offence  j 

71.   Ox 

Diet.  (xi.  48 1 )  has  a  restoration  of  the  opening  lines,  inspired  by  the  be- 
lief that  the  solution  is  Axle. 

5,  6.  feo'wer  .  .  .  svvSse  br6j»or:  the  cow's  dugs  (OE.  tittas,  masc). 
Later,  in  an  almost  humorous  touch,  this  milking  process  is  given  over  to  the 
swart  herdsman  (11.  9,  10). 

14-7,  It  is  in  CynewulPs  manner  to  sympathise  m  this  fashion  with  the 
suffering  and  joy  of  animals.  —  Brooke. 

72.  Lance  or  Spear 

Diet.  (xi.  481)  has  a  restoration  of  the  mutilated  lines,  which  is  also  given 
in  Gr-W.  iii.  225. 

I.   Cp.  the  opening  of  No.  35. 

23.  J)ristra  sum:  one  of  theboldji.  e.  with  bold  or  shameless  companions. 

27-9.  *  Bold  in  his  journeying,  he  eagerly  turns  away  thence,  from  that 
camp  (1.  25),  does  the  warrior  who  knows  my  ways." 

No  satisfactory  solution  has  yet  been  proposed.  Aldhelm  has  a  riddle  (i.  i8) 
De  loligint  (Cuttle-fish)  which  bears  some  slight  resemblance  to  this: 


il^otes;  115 

Nunc  cernenda  placent  nostrae  spectacula  vitae: 
Cum  grege  piscoso  scrutor  maris  aequora  squamis, 
Cum  volucrum  turma  quoque  scando  per  aethora  pennis, 
Et  tamen  aethereo  non  possum  vivere  flatu 

(This  time  my  life  affords  a  spectacle  pleasant  to  see.  Amid  shoals  of  fish  with 
my  scaly  form  I  search  the  waters  of  the  sea,  amid  flocks  of  birds  too  upon 
my  wings  I  soar  through  the  air,  and  yet  I  cannot  live  by  breathing  air). 
Hence  Diet,  in  1859  doubtfully  suggested  Cuttle-fish  as  the  solution,  and  in 
1865  withdrew  it  as  "  nowhere  near  "  (gar  nicht  nahc  gekommen).  Never- 
theless Walz  revived  this  defunct  solution  because  Pliny  says  "  loligo  etiam 
volitat  extra  aquam,"  and  because  Pliny  says  something  else  which  does  not 
explain  1.  4.    Moreover,  1.   i  is  for  the  present  fatal  to  the  cuttle-fish. 

Tupper  (p.  100)  proposes  '  Siren  '  and  I  had  better  quote  him.   '*  I  find  a 
clue  in  two  Latin  riddles  in  Reusner's  collection j  the  first  is  by  Scaliger  (R. 

I.   177):  — 

Me  fugere  pice  et  velo  victricia  signa, 

Qua  sum,  qua  non  sum  foemina,  piscis,  avis. 

The  second  is  by  Reusner  himself  (R.  11.  77)  :  — 

Foemina,  piscis,  avis  sum,  nautas  fallere  docta, 
Sum  scopulus,  non  sum  foemina,  piscis,  avis. 

The  answer  to  each  of  these  is  Siren.  Now  the  word  appears  several  times  in 
the  Anglo-Saxon  glosses  (B-T.,  s.  v.  Meremen),  and  the  creatures  themselves 
were  well-known  in  British  waters.  Gervase  of  Tilbury,  in  his  Otia  Impe- 
rialia  (1211)  c.  lxiv.  p.  31,  describes  the  '  Sirenes  maris  Britannici,'  their 
woman-fish  shape  and  their  song.  No  mention  is  made  in  the  Latin  riddles  of 
the  double  sex  referred  to  in  E.  B.  R.  Ixxiii.  ;  but  it  is  noteworthy  that  in 
Middle  High  German  *  Siren  '  appears  sometimes  as  a  male  water-sprite.  Had 
it  not  been  for  the  evidence  of  the  Reusner  enigmas  —  with  their  interesting 
ascription  of  Protean  traits  to  Sirens  —  I  should  probably  have  offered  as  a  so- 
lution *  Dolphin  *  or  *  Sea-pig  '  ('  Mereswin  '  —  common  enough  in  A.  S. 
vocabularies,  B-T.),  as  this  fish  was  supposed  to  possess  the  power  of  assuming 
other  forms  (Gervase,  c.  Ixiii.  p.  30)."  This  is  not  convincing.  The  Reus- 
ner enigmas  are  not  sufficiently  close  parallels  to  lead  to  the  abandonment  of 
an  otherwise  favoured  solution.  Besides,  has  not  Tupper  lost  sight  of  the  words, 
'  on  ane  tTd,'  at  one  time  ? 

Finally,  Traut.^  proposes  Water:  the  young  woman  is  the  spring,  the  grey- 


ii6  il^otesf 

haired  lady  is  die  ehschoUe  (ice-floe),  the  *anlic  rinc '  is  snow.  As  snow  it  flies 
with  the  birdsj  as  eisscholle  it  swims  in  the  flood  and  when  dead,  i.e.  dis- 
solved, dives  under  the  waves;  as  a  spring  it  moves  over  the  ground.  This  is 
ingenious,  and  certainly  the  best  of  the  three.  He  compares  Tatwine's  riddle 
De  Ni-ve,  Grandine  et  Glacie.  But  what  of  the  *  fer'5  cwicu*  ?  Traut,^  trans- 
lates: **  I  had  brisk  life,"  This  is  not  what  the  words  *  haefde  fer^  cwicu' 
convey  to  my  mind,  and  that  flaw  mars  the  whole.  Water  is  the  answer  to 
No.  83. 

The  very  confidence  of  these  doughty  champions  in  their  respective  solu- 
tions, combined  with  their  unmitigated  scorn  for  the  rival  answer,  should  make 
ui  hesitate  as  to  the  Tightness  of  either. 

5.  haefde  ferS  cwicu:  cp.  Shelley's  "  Cloud  ":  I  change  but  I  can- 
not die. 

74- 

Gr-W.  prints  the  runes  for  M  (as  in  No.  19),  N,  U,  H.  The  first  rune 
in  the  MS.  is  not  quite  the  same  as  that  for  M  in  No.  19  (see  sheet  of  fig- 
ures), and  is  probably  intended  for  D.  These  two  runes,  through  their  simi- 
larity, were  sometimes  confounded.  The  third  rune  is  certainly  not  U,  but 
L.  Thorpe  took  them  to  be  the  runes  of  D  N  U  H,  and  reading  them  back- 
wards obtained  hundy  dog,  as  the  solution.  It  is  impossible  to  decide  whether 
he  was  right  or  wrong. 

Diet,  thought  this  might  possibly  be  the  first  line  of  the  next  riddle.  Per- 
haps the  answer  is  Hen. 

76.  Oyster. 

3.  fej?elease  :  ace.  sg.  fem.  to  agree  in  gender  with  the  answer,  ostrt, 
oyster. 

5.    recceS  is  altered  in  Gr-W.  to  receS,  but  see  Siev.  §  407  N.  12. 
7.   hyd,  like /<?//«  in  1.  5,  refers  to  the  oyster's  shell. 

77- 

Too  broken  to  do  anything  with  ;  so  also  are  Nos.  81,  88,  and  9a. 

78. 

Seems  to  be  a  variant  of  the  first  line  of  the  next  riddle  • —  possibly  a  false 
start  unerased. 


iliote0  117 

79- 

Diet,  suggested  Falcon,  which  is  accepted  by  Brooke,  Tupper  and  others. 
Traut.*  objects  :  that  its  tongue  is  not  hard  (1.  8)  ;  that  eaxlgestealla  (1.  i), 
fyrdrinces  (1.  2)  and  herges  (1.  8)  imply  war,  not  the  chase  ;  that  it  was  not 
often  given  to  a  singer  as  a  reward  (11.  9,  10),  as  Diet,  states  ;  that  the  sub- 
ject of  the  riddle  gi'vts,  and  not  is  gi-ven ;  that  queens'^  do  not  put  their 
hands  on  falcons.  Without  laying  too  great  stress  on  any  one  of  these  objec- 
tions, one  is  bound  to  admit  their  collective  force.  Walz  had  anticipated 
some  of  them,  but  he  puts  himself  out  of  court  by  a  most  extraordinary  mis- 
interpretation of  1.  6  :  '*  L.  6  refers  to  the  wooden  sheath  "  —  his  answer  is 
Sword.  Apparently  he  takes  pat  on  bearive  geiveox  as  the  subject  of  the 
sentence  ;  and  now  all  he  has  to  do  is  to  parse  habbe. 

Traut.*  opposes  Sword  and  his  own  earlier  solution  der  Geer  (javelin)  be- 
cause we  never  hear  of  black  swords  or  black  spears.  His  new  solution  is 
Horn,  which  he  recommends  to  us  with  his  wonted  confidence.  He  cites 
the  well-known  passages  in  Beoivulf  about  Wealhpeow  (11.  494  fF. ,  620  ff. , 
1980  ff.  ;  in  none  of  which  however  is  the  horn  mentioned).  In  its  bosom 
is  mead,  '*  which  is  made  from  honey  grown  in  woods  "  (1.  6).  And  what  is 
the  tongue  of  a  horn  ?  Its  cry,  its  blast,  its  tone,  which  is  well  called  hard. 

It  must  be  added  that  Trautmann  accepts  Horn  as  the  solution  of  No.  14 
also. 

4.    on  governs  mec  in  the  preceding  line. 

80.   Weathercock. 

Dict.'s  second  solution  is  Maskenhelm,  visored  helmet  j  but  I  know  of  no 
evidence  to  show  that  the  English  of  the  days  of  the  Riddles  were  familiar 
with  visored  helmets.  In  any  case.  Weathercock  seems  to  answer  the  several 
phrases  better,  with  the  possible  exception  of  1.  7,  which  Brooke  renders  : 
•  Wheresoe'er  he  carries  me,  he  who  clasps  the  spear.'  I  cannot  equal  that 
with  the  solution  Weathercock  :  *  Wheresoe'er  He  turns  me  who  shakes 
the  wood,'  meaning  that  God  shakes  the  trees  and  turns  the  weathercock 
with  his  wind.  But  that  is  the  only  line,  I  think,  which  is  better  solved  by 
Helmet. 

8.  Stondende  for  stondendne  ace.  masc.  sing,  agreeing  with  mec  ;  cp. 
pyre/iuombne,  1.   11. 

*  Given  is  not  necessarily  *  queen.' 


ii8  jpotes? 

82.   Ore,  Metal,  Money. 

5-  eorjjan  brojjor :  fire,  through  whose  agency  the  ore  was  brought 
into  the  service  of  men. 

7.  h'wa :  this  is  supposed  by  Diet,  to  mean  Tubal-Cain  ;  but  I  prefer  to 
refer  it  to  fire,  spoken  of  above  as  '  first  of  men,'  and  the  present  tense  in  ic 
him  yjie  ne  mot  lends  support  to  this  interpretation. 

9.   haeftnyd,  apparently  with  reference  to  fetters  and  weapons  of  iron. 

1 0-2.  Diet,  thinks  that  the  ore  is  here  speaking  of  its  former  way  of  life 
in  the  bowels  of  the  earth. 

S3.   Water. 

There  are  some  indications  pointing  to  a  double  answer,  such  as  Water  and 
Sun.  There  is  very  distinctly  the  double  gender  oi  h'lo  in  1.  27  and  the  masc. 
adjs.  in  11.  35-6  5  but  I  think  the  '  mother  '  of  1.  20  had  better  be  taken  as  a 
mere  repetition  of  the  '  mother 'of  1.  4,  i.e.  Water.  Again,  with  the  reading 
•wolcnum,  it  is  a  temptation  to  refer  1.  25  to  the  sun:  "  a  winsome  glorious 
gem  nigh  to  the  clouds"  ;  but  I  think  it  is  better  to  take  it  as  referring  to  the 
jewels  of  rain.  Once  more,  the  word  para  in  1.  55  seems  to  show  clearly  that 
X  is  twofold  ;  but  again  I  think  it  better  not  to  dualise  the  answer,  but  to  take 
the  plural  form  as  covering  the  different  manifestations  of  water. 

The  riddle  holds  out  a  certain  promise  of  beauty  which  is  hardly  fulfilled. 
This  is  not  entirely  due  to  its  mutilated  condition:  11.  30-4  are  obscure,  and 
cast  in  an  unusual  *  high-falutin '  style,  poor  at  the  best.  It  is  to  be  feared 
that,  after  a  secular  youth,  the  riddle  passed  some  time  in  a  monastery. 

4-8.  Diet,  quotes  two  lines  from  each  of  Aldhelm's  riddles  on  the  same 
subject  (hi.   i  and  iv.  14): 

Nam  volucres  caeli  nantesque  per  aequora  pisces 
Olim  sumpserunt  ex  me  primordia  vitae 

(For  the  birds  of  heaven  and  the  fishes  that  swim  about  the  sea  in  former  days 
took  the  first  beginning  of  life  from  me). 

Quis  numerus  capiat,  vel  quis  laterculus  aequet, 
Vita  viventum  generem  quot  millia  partu  .? 

(What  number  would  contain  or  what  register  would  be  equal  to  holding  the 
many  thousands  of  living  creatures  I  bring  to  birth  ?) 

21.  bewrej'ed  :  aira^  \ey6/jt.evov.  I  cannot  find  the  word  in  any  diction- 
ary, but  its  meaning,  '  upheld,'  is  easily  inferred  from  the  simple  verb. 


jpote0  119 

30.  J^aes  )?e,  of  [all]  that  which,  the  gen.  pas  being  governed  by  the 
four  superlative  advs. 

31.  sawe.  Beam  is  certainly  plural,  and  sdtue  in  a  relative  clause  may 
easily  stand  for  sazuen:  *'  and  which  the  children  of  men  have  seen  with  their 
eyes"  j  but  the  line  could  also  mean  **  and  which  saw  the  children  of  men 
with  its  eyes." 

32-4.  **  So  that  glory  weaves  the  might  of  the  children  of  the  world," 
or  (with  a  comma  at  the  end  of  1.  31),  **  as  the  might  of  the  children  of  the 
world  weaves  that  glory  "  —  I  do  not  know  what  these  lines  mean,  even  with 
Grtm  s  gefrigen  habbe  supplied  in  1.  33. 

35.    frodra,  probably  'older,'  not  'wiser,'  just  z.%  fr'od  is  'old'  in  82*. 

38.  firene  dwsesceS:  Diet,  thinks  the  reference  is  to  baptismal  water 
washing  away  sin. 

84.   Fish  and  River. 

Taken  from  Symphosius  No.  11,  Flumen  et  Piscis: 

Est  domus  in  terris,  clara  quae  voce  resultat : 
Ipsa  domus  resonat,  tacitus  sed  non  sonat  hospes; 
Ambo  tamen  currunt,  hospes  simul  et  domus  una 
(Its  home  is  in  the  earth,  and  it  reechoes  with  loud  voice:  the  home  itself  re- 
sounds, but  the  host  is  mute  and  makes  no  sound ;  both  however  run,  the 
host  and  the  home  run  together). 

85.   One-eyed  Seller  of  Garlic  (or  Onions). 

See  sheet  of  figures. 

Cp.   Symphosius  No.  92: 

Cernere  jam  fas  est,  quod  vix  tibi  credere  fas  est  : 

Unus  inest  oculus,  capitum  sed  millia  multa. 

Qui  quod  habet  vendit;  quod  non  habet,  unde  parabit  ? 

(  Now  you  may  see  what  you  may  hardly  believe  :  there  is  one  eye,  but  many  thou- 
sand heads.    Whence  shall  he,  who  sells  what  he  has,  get  what  he  has  not?) 

4.  The  alliteration  is  supplied  by  the  numerals  tivegen  and  tivelf. 

5.  yrnan  :  the  absence  of  alliteration  seems  to  point  to  the  earlier  form 
rinnan. 

7.  ic.  It  will  have  been  observed  that  the  ic  of  the  Riddles  is  often  the 
poet,  as  in  Nos.  29  and  34,  the  unknown  personality  that  so  often  shows  itself  for 


I20  iliotesi 

a  moment  in  OE.  poetry,  only  to  withdraw  into  the  deeper  obscurity ;  still  more 
often  ic  stands  for  x  (the  solution).  In  the  latter  case  the  first  person  is  usually 
maintained  consistently  throughout ;  this  is  the  only  instance  in  which  we 
have  the  3d  person  throughout  the  riddle,  and  the  ist  person  suddenly  intro- 
duced in  the  closing  question.  Conversely,  in  No.  35,  we  have  the  ist  person 
right  through  to  the  closing  question,  which  is  in  the  3d.  In  no.  1 9  ic  is  ap- 
parently used  first  for  the  poet  and  last  for  x. 

86. 

This  riddle  is  now  in  a  tantalising  state :  several  phrases  excite  curiosity,  which 
remains  unallayed.    For  conjectures  see  Index  in  Introduction. 
4.  on:  this  adverbial  use  is  noteworthy  j  cp.  *  hold  on.* 

87.   Antler,   Antlers. 

14.   card  :  the  head  of  the  stag. 

"be  wit  on  stodan  :  *  on  which  we  two  stood,'  the  apodosis  being 
implied.  But  perhaps  pe  should  be  pe,  in  which  case  this  clause  is  the  apodo- 
sis :  *  because  we  two  stood  upon  [it].' 

19.   aefter  cuman:  '  succeed,*  when  the  antlers  are  cast  in  Spring. 

21.   The  second  half  of  the  line  is  metrically  defective. 

23,  24.  hordes  on  ende :  on  the  gable  ;  cp.  horm^I  3^,  kornsele  Gen. 
l8zi,  hornreced  Beow.  703.  LI.  32-3  are  supposed  to  describe  the  horn's 
feelings  on  being  made  fast  to  the  gable. 

26.  Herzfeld  proposes  bropor  m'tn  for  the  scansion  (type  B). 

27.  eorjjan  SCeata:  gen.  depending  on  hivar;   cp.    TroO  7^5. 

31.  onjjungan  :  past  pi.  of  '^onpinhan,  extant  only  in  the  contracted 
form  onp-eon  (q.  v.).     Siev.  §  186,  N.  4  ;  Wyatt,  OE.  Gram.  §  81,  N.  6. 

32.  unsceafta :  evil  creatures ;  not  in  any  dictionary,  or  in  Napier's 
'  Contributions. ' 

The  Latin  Riddle  (Grein  90). 

Between  Nos.  88  and  89  the  following  Latin  riddle  is  found  in  the  MS.  : 
Mirum  mihi  videtur:*  lupus  ab  agno  tenetur ; 
obcurrit  agnus  [rupi]  et  capit  viscera  lupi. 
Dum  starem  et  mirarem,  vidi  gloriam  magnam: 
duo  lupi  stantes  et  tertium  tribul[antes] 
nil  pedes  habebant,  cum  septem  oculis  videbant. 

^  MS.  videtur  mihi. 


iliotesf  121 

Dietrich  supposes  the  answer  to  be  **a  wolf  caught  in  the  shoots  of  a  hop- 
plant  which  has  five  buds."  Henry  Morley  gives  as  solution  **  the  Lamb  of 
God''!  Trautmann  thinks  that  the  Riddle  contains  two  problems,  and  that 
the  first,  11.  I  and  2,  means  that  a  man  named  Lupus  has  a  cancer  on  his  face! 
The  reader  whose  curiosity  has  been  aroused  may  consult  Hicketier,  AngUa 
X.  582  J  Trautmann,  Anglia  xvii.  396  ;  Erlemann,  Archi'v  f  d  S  d  n  S  iil 
(1903)  59  J  Tupper  105;  Bradley,  Mod.  Lang.  Re-view,  Oct.  191 1,  p.  436. 


89.   Key. 

It  may  be  useful  to  give  here  Symphosius  No.  4,  as  an  instance  of  a  num- 
ber of  Latin  riddles  which  bear  so  slight  a  resemblance  to  the  OE.  enigmas  on 
the  same  subjects  that  it  is  impossible  to  say  in  a  given  case  whether  the  au- 
thor was  acquainted  with  the  Latin  analogue  or  not. 

Clavis  (key). 

Virtutes  magnas  de  viribus  afFero  parvis. 

Pando  domos  clausas  ;  iterum  sed  claudo  patentes. 

Servo  domum  domino  ;  sed  rursus  server  ab  ipso 

(I  bring  great  power  from  little  strength.  I  open  houses  when  closed  up ; 
but  again  I  shut  them  up  when  open.  I  keep  the  house  safe  for  its  owner  j 
yet  again  I  am  kept  safe  by  him). 

2.   searopila:  instrumental  genitive. 

3-7.  'Oft  I  gape  at  what  is  fixed  over  against  me,  when  girded  with  rings 
I  must  thrust  hard  against  the  hard  [bolt],  pierced  from  behind  I  must  shove 
forward  what  protects  my  lord's  heart-casing  wealth  at  midnight.' 

5.  hearde,  glossed  and  translated  above  as  an  adv.,  is  possibly  the  weak 
form  of  the  adj.  agreeing  with  'ic' 

7.  See  sheet  of  figures.  Sievers  (^Anglia  xiii.  4)  has  proved  conclusively 
that  the  name  of  the  W  rune  was  *  wynn,'  not  '  wen  ',  and  that '  mod-wynn' 
=  wealth  :  '  iTfwynna  dxl '  (Crist  807)  is  parallel  to  '  feoh' ;  the  dragon's  hoard 
is  *  hordwynn  '  in  Beoivu/f  22 jo  j  '  e^'elwyn  '  is  parallel  to  *  lond  '  and  *  eard  ' 
in  Beoivu/f  2^^2. 

II.  willum  Sinum,  '  for  his  own  pleasures,'  I  connect  with  lafe  pic- 
gan  in  1.  10.  These  last  two  lines  seem  to  indicate  that  the  frea  was  a  famous 
warrior  in  troublous  times. 


122  jl^otesf 

90.    "  Boc  "    (Beech,    Book). 

This  riddle  is  omitted  by  Thorpe  and  Grein.  Traut.'s  solution  is  die  Buche 
(beech),  but  it  seems  to  me  that  OE.  hoc  is  better,  as  covering  both  *  beech,' 
with  its  several  uses,  and  '  book. ' 

1.  brunra  :   possibly  referring  to  the  beech-mast. 

2.  3.  feorhbora  and  wynnstaj^ol  are  neither  in  the  Dictionaries  nor 
in  Napier's  '  Contributions.' 

3.  This  line  may  refer  to  the  early  use  of  beech  as  writing  material. 

4.  gold  :  the  value  of  books  is  suggested  by  two  OE.  words  for  '  library,' 
boc-gestreon  and  boc-hord. 

5.  hildewaepen  :  the  word  bZc-scyld  shows  that  beech  was  used  for 
making  shields. 

91.   Horn    (antler,  ink-horn). 

12.  fusurn  :  apparently,  the  eager  hunters. 

13,  14.  gingra  bro^or  .  .  .  earde  :  cp.  87^^-20 

21-2.  'But  I  suffer  all  those  torments  which  bit  the  board,'  i.e.  the 
antler,  when  made  into  an  ink-horn,  was  pierced  by  the  nails  which  fastened 
it  to  the  stand.  Cp.  ihe  similar  experiences  of  the  horn  that  was  secured  to  a 
gable  in  87^2-3^ 

93- 

Unfortunately  we  close  with  a  poor  riddle,  the  text  almost  certainly  corrupt, 
the  solution  uncertain.  Dietrich's  solutionis  "  Wandering  Minstrel,"  Traut- 
mann's  is  "  Riddle."  Both  have  a  certain  appropriateness.  If  the  former  is 
correct,  one  might  imagine  this  riddle  to  be  a  bit  of  poor  cajolery  to  win 
presents  from  the  scop's  hearers  ;  if  the  latter,  one  might  suspect  it  to  be  a 
kind  of  monkish  colophon  to  the  collection.  The  arguments  are  lengthv  and 
wearisome:  the  references  are  Diet.  xi.  487;  Trautmann  in  Ar.glia  6 
Anzeiger  158,  7  Anzeiger  210;  Nuck  in  Anglia  x.  394;  Hicketier  in 
Anglia  x.  584  ;  Traut.^  206.  Trautmann,  as  usual,  asks  the  reader  to  follow 
him  in  rejecting  his  own  emendations  :  in  1.  4  he  first  ^xo^oscs  fremdes  gefea, 
then  fremdes  f^dm ,  and  ^nzWy  fremdes  f^r  (for  ^r)  ;  the  last  gives  us  '*  irre- 
proachable metre,  good  sense  and  correct  speech"  !  Gefrage  (1.  3)  is  to  be 
taken  in  its  original  sense,  "  erfragt  "  ;  and  we  are  to  read  gong  for  god  (1.  6). 
Parts  of  the  enigma  apply  almost  equally  well  to  the  riddler  and  to  the  riddle  ! 
The  close  appears  to  favour  Trautmann's  answer.    On  the  other  hand,  the 


il^otesf  123 

general  tenor  of  the  'poem,  and  in  particular  11.  4-6,  seem  to  me  to  favour 
the  '  Minstrel '  solution.  But  it  is  a  poor  composition  and  not  worth  further 
discussion. 

3.  I  have  adopted  Thorpe's  proposal,  to  read  *fere  '  for  *  fere"S '  ;  first,  be- 
cause '  reste  '  (1.  2)  seems  to  require  such  an  antithesis  ;  second,  because  '  hi- 
pendra  hyht '  seems  an  impossible  subject  to  *  fere"5.' 

4-6.  It  is  generally  agreed  that  these  lines  are  corrupt.  Even  with  two 
emendations,  1  can  get  only  the  following,  barely  tolerable  sense  :  *  I  travel 
widely,  and  the  joy  of  plunderers  (prob.  =  money,  reward)  will  fall  to  the  lot 
of  me  a  stranger,  sooner  than  to  friends,  if  I  am  to  have  prosperity  in  the  burgs 
or  bright  success.'   For  this  meaning  of  '  stonde^  '  see  itandan  xii.  in  B-T. 


ConctiSe  OBiblfograpl^r 


I.  THE    MANUSCRIPT. 

The  unique  authority  for  the  West  Saxon  text  of  the  Old  English  Riddles  is 
the  famous  Codex  Exoniensis,  or  Exeter  Book,  in  the  Chapter  Library  of  Exeter 
Cathedral.  It  will  be  seen  from  the  folios  of  the  manuscript  printed  in  the 
text,  that  the  Riddles  occur  in  three  different  places  of  the  manuscript,  viz.,  on 
folios  lOl  recta-115  recto,  122  verso-123  recto,  and  124  verso-130  verso. 
These  last  folios  are  the  last  of  the  v/hole  manuscript,  and  they  have  suffered 
terrible  mutilation.  It  is  supposed  that  a  burning  piece  of  wood  fell  upon  the 
manuscript  lying  face  downwards  and  burnt  a  deep  hole  through  thirteen  or 
fourteen  leaves,  from  folio  130  backwards  to  folio  117;  at  folio  1 19  the  script 
begins  to  be  affected,  and  the  lacuna  on  every  page  gradually  increases  in  size. 
The  disastrous  consequences  are  seen  in  the  text  of  Riddles  63—93.  Folio  130 
is  also  fearfully  stained.  It  will  be  noticed  that  the  end  of  Riddle  40  and  the 
beginning  of  41  are  both  missing  :  since  there  is  no  gap  in  the  manuscript  as  it 
stands,  the  most  probable  explanation  is  that  one  or  more  leaves  are  missing 
here.    Thorpe  thought  that  the  same  thing  had  happened  after  Riddle  20. 

Some  peculiarities  of  the  manuscript  are  reproduced  from  my  own  tracings 
on  the  sheet  at  the  beginning  of  the  volume.  One  of  these  peculiarities  may 
be  noticed  here  :  the  last  word  in  some  riddles,  e.g.  37,  45,  69,  70,  85, 
comes  at  the  end  of  the  first  manuscript-line  (which  rarely  corresponds  with 
a  verse-line)  in  the  next  riddle.  For  instance,  *  hatte,'  the  last  word  in  85, 
comes  at  the  end  of  the  first  manuscript-line  in  86,  with  a  gap  of  l^  inches 
between  it  and  *wombe.'    See  sheet  of  figures. 

II.     EDITIONS,  ETC. 

1 831-2.  R.  Chambers,  British  Museum  Transcript  of  the  Exeter  Book, 
Addit.  MS.  9067. 

1842.  B.  Thorpe,  Codex  Exoniensis  pp.  380-441;  470-472;  479- 
500. 

*  In  accordance  with  the  plan  of  the  series,  this  bibliography  consists  of  *'  a  care- 
fully selected  list  of  the  critical  and  historical  materials  which  are  really  helpful  in  the 
study  of  the  text."    Other  works  arc  referred  to  in  the  Notes  on  particular  Riddles. 


Concise  llBibliograp^^  125 

1858.  C.  W.  M.  Grein,  Bibliothek  der  angehiichiiichen  Poesie  ii. 
369-407. 

1897.  Grein-Wulker  (R.  P.),  Bibliothek  der  angehachsiichen  Poesie 
'ill.  183-238, 

I91O.     F.  TuppER,  The  Riddles  of  the  Exeter  Book. 


III.     TRANSLATIONS. 

1842.      B.  Thorpe,  parallel  with  text  as  above. 

1863.  C.  W.  M.  Grein,  Dichtungen  der  Angehachsen  stabreimend 
ubenetzt  ii.  207-247. 

IV.     CRITICISM:  LANGUAGE,  METRE,  HISTORY,  ETC. 

1857*      ^'  Leo,  Sluae  de  se  ipso  Cyne'vulfus  .    .    .   tradiderit, 

1859,  1865.  F.  Dietrich,  Die  Ratsel  des  Exeterbuches^  Haupts  Zeit- 
schrift  xi.  448-490;  xii.  232-252. 

1883.  A.  Prehn,  Komposition  und  Quellen  der  Ratsel  des  ExeterbucheSj 
Neuphilologische  Studien  iii.  145-285. 

1885.  R.  WuLKER,  Grundriss  .  .  .  der  angelsachsischen  Litter atur^ 
147-170. 

1890.  G.  Herzfeld,  Die  Ratsel  des  Exeterbuches  und  ihr  Verfasser^ 
Acta  Gcrmanica  11.  i. 

1891.  E.  Sievers,  Zu  Cyneivulf^  Anglia  xii.   13-21. 

1892.  S.  A.  Brooke,   The  History  of  Early  English  Literature. 

1894.  ^-  Trautmann,  Die  Aujiosungen  der  Altenglischen  Ratsel ^ 
Anglia,  Beiblatt  v. 

1895.  M.  Trautmann,  Zu  den  altenglischen  Ratsel^  Anglia  xvii. 
Z9OO.      A.    Madert,  Die  Sprache  der  altenglischen  Ratsel  des  Exeter- 
buches und  die  Csneivulffrage. 

1903.  F.  Tupper,  The  Comparati've  Study  of  Riddles ;  Originals  and 
Analogues  of  the  Exeter  Book  Riddles,  Modern  Language  Notes  xviii.  1—8; 
97-106. 

1905.  M.  Trautmann,  Alte  und  neue  Antivorten  auf  altenglische 
Ratsel,  Bonner  Be'itrage  zur  Anglistik  xix.  167-215. 

1908.  A.  Brandl,  Altenglische  Litteratur,  Paul's  Grundriss  der  Ger- 
manischen  Philologie. 

1910.  F.  Tupper,  The  Riddles  of  the  Exeter  Book. 


(Klo^jsart 


Mec  and  me.  The  only  matter  connected  with  the  glossary  that  is 
worthy  of  mention  here  is  the  use  of  mec  and  me.  Apart  from  a  few  excep- 
tional instances,  mec  is  always  accusative,  me  dative.  The  exceptional  or  doubt- 
ful instances  are : 

Mec.  Apparently  once  dative  (Cook's  Sievers  §  332  N.  4  end):  mec  iv'isad 
3^^,  whereas  20^  and  21^  have  me  iv'isad.  Cp.  mec  ongean  27^  and  me  ongean 
89^;   but  ongean  governs  both  cases. 

Me  eight  times  accusative:  me  12^^  seems  to  be  qualified  by  siveartne ;  mi 
after  ivrecan  20"  ;  and  20'',  40^"*,  65^,  72=^,  82'*,  84^ 

It  seems  worthy  of  note  that  not  one  of  these  seven  riddles,  in  which  the 
later  accusative  form  me  occurs,  had  I  classed  as  folk  riddles,  and  six  of  them 
I  had  classed  as  learned  riddles,  without  reference  to  this  usage. 


(KlojSjSart 


[The  order  of  words  is  strictly  alphabetical,  ae  coming  between  ad  and  af, 
but  initial  IS  following  t.      Roman  numerals  indicate  the  class  of  ablaut  verbs  ; 


mood  and  tense  are  omitted,  "  infin."  is  to  be  understood,  unless  some  other 
designation  has  just  preceded;  when  of  mood  only,  supply  "ind."  if  no 
other  has  preceded,  otherwise  the  latter,] 

GENERAL  NOTE  TO  THE  GLOSSARY 

For  the  following  words,  occurring  very  frequently  and  very  easily  intelli- 
gible, it  has  not  been  thought  necessary  to  give  a//  references  ,•  a  few  are  given 
and  *'  etc."  added  : 

is,  to  (prep.),  eom,  bid,  ic,  ac,  ond,  ne,  na,  no,  Sonne  (demonstr.  and  rel.), 
he  (nom.  masc),  o35e,  under,  Surh,mid  (prep.),  nu,  hatan  ('*to  be  called," 
since  it  occurs  always  in  the  same  formula),  gif,  oft,  hivllum,  S^r,  at,  se 
(nom.  of  def,  article),  after,  me,  mec  (ace.  of  rV). 


A. 

a,   aa,   adv.,  airways,   5^,  346, 

435,  846. 
abelgan,  in,  pronjoke,  anger,  w. 

d.  pres.  I  sg.  20^2. 
abeodan,  11,  announce,  60'^. 
abiddan,  v,  ask  for,  get,  obtain, 

pret.  3  sg.  abced,  5  5 '2. 
abrecan,  iv, break  do^wn,  conquer 

storm,  pret.  opt.  3  sg.,  5 5 7. 
abregan,  wi,  terrify,  40 '7. 


ac,  conj.,  but,  3 7,  etc. 
ac,  m.,  oak,  559. 

(2)  the  rune  A,  n.  pi.  42'°. 
acennan,     wi,      bear,      bring 

forth,  pret.  ptc.  40^^  50^  83». 
adela,  m.  wk.,  dirt,  e^vil,  d.  sg. 

4o32. 
adle,  f.  wk.,  sickness,  43^. 
adrifan,  i,  drinje  out,  pret.  3  sg. 

aefensceop,    m.,  e<vening-bard, 
85. 


128 


(3\ofi&m 


afre,  adv.,  e'very  39^°,  40^, 65^67^ 
608,  835. 

aeftanweard,  adj.,  hindtr,  a.  sg. 
m.    62^. 

after,  prep.,  w.  d.,  after,  iz^^, 
2717^  2815,  etc.  J  through , 
along,  3  3 1. 

aefter  hondum,  from  hand 
to  hand,  3o5;  aefter  gecyn- 
dum,  after  {their)  kinds,  391^5 
maegburg  .  .  .  ^e  ie  aefter  woe, 
the  family  from  njuhich  I 
sprang,  zo^^. 

aefter,  adv.,  afterixjards,  3922, 

aeftera,  comp.  adj.,  hinder,  sec- 
ond, 53'^. 

aefterweard,  adj.,  after,  fol- 
loiving,  he  me  aefterweard 
weor^e^,  he  is  after,  i.  e.  pur- 
sues me,  1 51"*. 

aighwa,  indef.  pron. ,  each  one, 
e'very  one,  652. 

Sghw«r,  adv. ,  everywhere, 
in  e'very  ivay,  40^2,  ^^,  ^°,  ^'^, 

5o    69     82 

>     > 

aghwaeSer, /ro;w,  each,  g.  sg. 

m.  46^. 
seghwylc,  pron.,  each  one,  39^5} 


a.  sg.  m.  39=;  g.  3 


69. 


SgSer,  pron.,  either,  a.  sg.  neut. 

39»^ 
Sht,  i.,  property,  possession,  70^, 

78' id.  pi.  8726. 


aelde,  pi.  m.,  men,  mankind,  g. 

8331,  9310  J  d.   334,  56,  331,, 

806. 
ainig,  pron.,  any,  40^1,  86^   6o3 

(v.  sub.  fea)j  a.  sg.  neut.  39^7, 

93'°}  g-  sg.  m.  59^4.  d.  135, 
_23",  i5,  7116,  ?83i5. 
aenlic,     adj.,    unique,  peerless, 

_  73^- 

aenlice,  adv.,  in  a  unique  avay, 

splendidly,  beautifully,  40^5. 
ser,  adv.,  before,  formerly,   1^^, 

2'5,    67,      iiio,     13x0,    237,    9, 

27",  289,  447^  4911,  652,  72% 

26,   8728,   91275  jer  o««e  sI-S, 

sooner  or  later,  608. 
sir,   conj.,  before,  2",    56,  549, 

55^,   9327  J  hwonne  zer,  honjo 

soon,  nvhen,  31^3, 
aerendean,    W2,  bring   a    mes- 

sage,  (2)  intercede,  plead,  48'. 
airendspraic,  f.,  message,  a.  sg. 

6oi5. 
airest, -ist,  adv.,/r//,  352,40^, 

825. 

airra,  compar.   adj.,  first,  for- 
mer, 53". 
aesc,  m.,  ash-tree. 

(2)  spear,  d.  pi.  22". 

(3)  the  rune  JE. 

set,  prep.,  w.  dat.,  <?/,  3'"*,  21^, 

31",     357,    406,  34^  436^  461, 

etc. 

(2)  from,  at  the  hands  of. 


^Io00ai:i? 


129 


2016  J  aet  blisse,  in  their  merri- 
ment^ 3115. 

St,  m.^  foody  mealy  g.  sg.  40^5. 

aetgaedre,  adv.,  together,   53", 

aetren,  adj. ,  poisonous y  23'*. 
aetsomne,  adv.,   together,    22 1, 

427,    843. 

aeSele,  adj.,  »oi'/^,  exaltedy 
distinguished y  n.  sg.  f.  79^  j  g. 
sg.  wk.  599  j  d.  pi.  43  ^ 

agSeling,  m.,  noblemany  g.  sg. 
78S79Mn.pl.  497;  g.  pi.  465. 

aeSelu,  neut.  pi.,  nobleness,  ex- 
cellence, a.  558. 

agan,  prp.,  possess,  opt.,  3  pi. 
4i5. 

w.   neg.   pref.   pres.  i    sg. 
nahj.w.  g.  36,  3  sg.  w.  a.  27^'*. 

agen,  pron.,  with  poss^®  adjs., 
oivn,  a.  sg.  neut.  9^,  44'*,  54^. 

agetan,  w.  i,  destroy,  pret.  3  sg. 

827. 

aglac,  aglaec,  n.,  tribulation, 
calamity,  torment,  a.  sg.  80^  ; 
d.  sg.   37;  a.  pi.  9121. 

aglachad,  m.,  terrible  condition, 
d.sg.  53S. 

agnian,  W2,  claim,  take  posses- 
sion, pret.  3  sg.  91^'^. 

agyfan,  v,  gi've,  pres.  i  sg. 
7910. 

ahebban,  vi,  raise  up,  pres.  3 
pi.  73  }  pret.  3  sg.  ahof,  lo^. 


ahreddan,  wi,  deli'ver,  recap- 
ture, pret.  3  sg.  299. 

aleodan,  \\,gro'w,  (trans.)  bring 
up,  pret.  ptc.  83^0. 

am,  m.,  reed  of  a   loom,  n.  pi. 

3  5^- 
amaestan,     W3,     fatten,     pret. 

part.  40'o5. 
an,    prep.  =  on,  in,  v^r.  d.  421°, 

5  3'o. 
an,  num.,  one,  n.  sg.  m.  9^,  42^°, 

8  3'0;   f.    5255  a.  sg.   m.  49S 

55",  856,   9125  .  genne,    80^  5 

f.  7325    neut.    853;  g.    sg.  f. 
43 '3  J  d.  sg.  m.  326  J  f.  8339; 

g.  pi.  369. 

As  indef.  art.,  a,  an,  n.  sg. 

m,  1575  neut.    21 '2,  83^5  a. 

sg-  f-  56',  75'  ;  d.  sg.  m.  io4; 

anra  gehwylc,  asghwylc,  each 

one,  135,  369. 

(2)  alone,  only,  (gen.  wk.) 

n.  sg.  m.  368,  4021,  9o  .  d,  sg. 

(strong)  253  5  d.  pi.  6oi5. 
ana,  v.  an. 

anaed,  n.,  desert,  d.  sg.  60^, 
and,  end,  conj.,  and,  i^  etc. 
anfete,  adj.,   one-footed,   a.   sg. 

f.  58'. 
anfon,  rd.  contr.,  receinje,  pret. 

3  sg^anfeng,  423. 
anforlaetan,  rd.,  abandon,  pret. 

I  sg.  7i9. 
anga,  adj.,  sole,  singular,  872*. 


130 


^lo00ar)? 


anhaga,  m.  wk.,  a  lonely  dnuell- 
er,  51. 

anstellan,  wi,  bring  about ^  de- 
vise, pres.  I  sg.  3^9. 

anwalda,  m.  wk.,  ruler,  go'v- 
ernor,  40"^. 

araran,  wi,  raise  up,  pres.  i 
sg.  82^  J  pret.  ptc.  37^. 

aretan,  wi,  gladden,  delight, 
pres.  1  sg.  6^. 

arisan,  i,  arise,  rise  up,  pres. 
3  sg.  320. 

arlice,  adv.,  honourably,  kindly, 

arstaef,  vcl.,  favour,  d.  pi.  26^'^. 
arypan,    wi,  strip  off,   pres.    3 

sg.  757. 
ascufan,  11,  dravu  forth,  bring 

out,  896. 
asecgan,  W3,  declare,  i^. 
asettan,  wi,  set,  set  up,  erect, 

found,  9",  296. 
astigan,  i,  arise,  pres.  i  sg.  i^  ; 

3  sg.  3^9- 
aswapan,  rd.,  siveep  off,  drive 

off,  pres.  I  sg.  235. 
ateon,  11,  contr. ,  take  out,  dranv 

out,  pret.  3  sg.  6 1 2. 
atimbran,  wi,  build,  29^. 
atol,    adj.,  terrible,    dire,    3'*^, 

22^. 

attor,  n.,  venom,  a.  sg.  23^. 
attorspere,  n.,  poisoned  spear, 
d.  pi.  179. 


atyhtan,  wi,  bring  forth,  pro- 
create, pret.  ptc.  50^. 

aSringan,  iii,  break  forth,  pres. 
I  sg.  3 12. 

aSrintan,  iii,  svoell,  pret.  ptc. 
37^. 

aweaxan,   rd.,  grovu  up,  pret. 

I    sg.    910,    I03,    72I. 

aw^eccan,    wi,    avoaken,   pret. 

ptc.  n.  pi.  m.  aweahte,  1 38. 
awefan,  11,  voeave,  pret.   3   pi. 

35^. 
aweorpan,  111,  throve  up,  cast 

avoay,  pret.  ptc.  40'*9. 
awergan,  W2,   encircle,    cover, 

protect,  pres.  opt.  3  sg.  40'^^, 
awrecan,  wi,  drive  out,  89",, 
awSer,    pron.,  either  {of  tvuo), 

8730. 
awyrgan,  wi,  strangle,  injure, 

curse,  pret.  ptc,  20'^. 


B. 


base,  n.,  back,  8721  j  d.  sg.  3^6, 
153  J  under  baec,  backvuards, 

22i7,   898. 

bael,  n.,  bale,  funeral  fire,  de- 
structive fire,  g.  sg.  822, 

baer,  adj.,  bare,  n.  sg.  3122  j  a. 
sg.  n.  65'^. 

baernan,  wi,  burn  (trans.),  pres. 
1  sg.   1 5,  62. 

ban,  n.,  bone,  a.  sg.  3918  ;  d.  68^. 


€ilofi;0ar^ 


131 


banleas,    adj.,   boneless^  a.    sg. 

neut.  wk.  45^. 
baSian,  wi,  bathey   pret.    3   pi. 

be,  bi,  prep.,  w.  d.,  ^,  a/,  /«, 

27'7,  441,  60s    695,  87285  be 

grunde,  along  the groundy  212, 

22i5,  833. 
be-,  prefix.    See  bi-. 
beadowaepen,   m.,  iveapon  of 

battUy  a.  pi.    15^  ;  d.  178. 
beadu,  f.,  battUy  d.  sg.  87^1. 
beaduweorc,    n.,   battU-ivorky 

g.  pi.  52,  336. 
beag,  m.,  r/«^,  a.  sg.  48,  71", 

g-  59'^- 
beaghroden,  ptc.  adj.,  adorned 

njuith  rings y  n.  sg.  f.   14^. 
bealdlice,    adv.,    boldly y    40^6, 

60^6. 

beam,  m.,  tree,  90'  5  a.  sg.  53^  ; 
g.    557}  a.  pi.  i9. 

(2)  beaniy   \_yoke  ?] ,  d.    sg. 
7 1 12. 

(3)  ^^^P,  g-  sg.  io7. 
bSamtelg,  m.,  tree-dyey  inky  d. 

sg.    2  69. 

bearg,  m.,  pigy  40106. 
bearm,  m.,  bosonty  6S^y  a.  sg. 

33  ;  d.    Sg.    43". 

beam,  n.,  child y  2018,  83"  j  a. 
sg.  96511.  pi.  26^8,  4o96,  4,4^ 
7,  83^1,  9310  J  g.  576}  d.  159, 
39'8. 


bearngestrSon,  n.,  tuealth  of 

childreny  g.  pi.  20^7. 
bearonaes,  m.,  nxjoody  shorey  a. 

pi.  57^. 
bearu,    m.,  'woody  groove y  30"* ; 

d.  sg.  2i7,  531,   796 J  a.   pi. 

i9;  d.  pi.  272. 
beatan,  rd.,   beat,  strikey  hurty 

pres.  3  pi.  2^,  808. 
becnan,   wi,    indicatey   signify y 

pres.  3  sg.  39265  3  pi.  2410. 
bed(d),    n.,    bedy     a.    sg.    4^  ; 

d.  25I 
bedrifan,  i,  dri<vey  pret.    3   sg. 

299. 
befaeSman,  wi,   embrace y  pres. 

I  sg.  9123. 
begen,   pron.,  bothy  4312^  8712, 

3i  ;  g.   bega,  ^427,    527  }    d. 

bam,  43"  ;  baem,  642. 
beginan,  i,  gape  aty  take  ijoith 

open  mouthy  pres.   i  sg.   893. 
begrindan,     iii,    grind  auuayy 

pret.  ptc.  266. 
behlySan,  wi,    depri^vey   stripy 

w.  d.  rei.,  pret.  ptc.   1410. 
belacan,  rd.,  fionjj  roundy  play 

roundy  pret.  3  sg.  beleolc,  dcP . 
belcedsweora,  adj.,  ha^uing  a 

suuollen  neckypuff-neckedy  80 '. 
beleosan,    11,  be  deprp-ved   of 

lose,  w.  d.  rei.  pret.  3  sg.  26'*. 
belgan,  iii,  ragey  be  angry y  pret. 

ptc.  4019. 


132 


^lo0fi?ar^ 


bellan,    wi,   grunt y  pres.    ptc. 


40 


106 


beraiSan,  i,  concealy  pres.  i  sg. 

bemurnan,  in,  mourn  for,  la- 
menty  pret.  i  sg.  9118. 

ben,  f.,  petitiony  prayery  d.  sg. 
59^3. 

bend,    f.,    bondy   chainy  a.    pi. 

315,  2o3o,    d.  pi.  523,  Ty  536. 
benn,  f.,  ivoundy  n.  pi.  59". 
bennian,      bennegean,      w2, 

'woundy  5  62}  pret.  3  sg.  91'^, 

ptc.  52. 
bgobread,  n.,  honey-comb y  a.  sg. 

4o59. 

beofian,    W2,    trembhy     shake, 

pres.  3  pi.  39. 
beon,   anv.,  to  bCy   pres.    i    sg. 

beom,  3^4,  78,  16'*,  23^^  5  beo, 

iS^'j   3   sg.    1 7,    2",    324,  28^ 

etc.;    3    pi.     1 65,    2619,    355^ 

40",  635. 
beorcan,  in,  barky  pres.  i  sg. 

242. 
beorg,  m.,  mountain,  z..  sg.  15^^. 
beorghliS,   n.,   mountain-slope y 

a.  pi.  beorghleo'Sa,  572. 
beorht,   adj.,    bright,    20^  ;   f. 

4028;  a.    sg.  m.  147;  n.  pi., 

f.     ii^;   wk.    a.    neut.    936} 

compar.  f.  198. 
beorhte,  adv.,  brightly,  34^. 
beom,    m.,    a    man,  ^warrior, 


nobleman,   d.  sg.  12^;  n.  pi. 

3115  5  a.  2218  J  g.  60^^. 
beot,  n.,  Z'O/a//,  90^ 
beran,  iv,  bear,  carry,  5  5 2,  56", 

642;    pres.     1   sg.    1^^,    122, 

153;   3    sg.    byre«,    3^9,    76, 

14^    57 S    9o7;    pret.    3    sg. 

10 10,  91^7  J  pret.  ptc.   boren, 

632. 
berian,  W2,  bare,  make  clear, 

expose,  pres.  3  sg.  15 '5. 
berstan,  iii,  burst,  crash,  pres. 

3  sg.  48  ;  bierste'5,  i^^. 
bescinan,  i,  shine  upony  pres. 

3  sg.  7220. 
bescyiran,  wi,   depri'vey  w.  d. 

rei.  pret.  3  sg.  40'°!. 
besincan,  111,   sinky   pret.    ptc. 

io3. 
besnySSan,  wi,  depri've,  w.  d. 

rei.  pret.  3  sg.  26^. 
bestolene,  v.  bistelan. 
bestreSan,  wi,  co'ver   o^verQ^ 

pret.  ptc.  8343. 
betan,    wi,    amendy     impro<ve, 

pres.  I  sg.  6 10,  90^,  ?  70'°. 
betra, adj.,  compar.  of  g5d,  bet- 
ter, n.  sg.  neut.  4028. 
betynan,   wk.    close,    prt.   ptc. 

40". 
beSenian,    wi,     stretch    onjer, 

pret.  3  sg.  2612. 
beSuncan,    wi,    entrust,    pres. 

opt.  3  pi.  48^. 


i3\0&iSm 


133 


bewadan,    vi,    deprinje^    pret. 

ptc.  9128. 
bewsefan,  wz,  surround^  clothey 

pret.  ptc.  70'. 
beweorpan,      in,     cast   o'ver, 

conjery  pres.  i  sg.  83^^. 
bewindan,     in,    ivind  rounds 

encircle,  pret.  ptc.  30^,  82^. 
bewitan,   prp.,   ha've  care  of, 

HAjatch  o-ver,  pres.  3  sg.  83^. 
bewreon,  i,  co'ver  up,  conceal, 

pret.  ptc.  a.  sg.  f.  bewrigene, 

42 1^  >jf. 
bewreSian,  wi,  support,  pret. 

ptc.  8321. 
bewyrcan,  wi,  make,  pret.  ptc. 

a.    sg.  m.  beworhtne,  35^. 
bi,  V.  be. 

bicgan,  wij^wy,  pres.  3  pi.  5412. 
bid,    n.,    delay,  on  bid  wriceS, 

forces  to  stop,  holds  back,  3^. 
bidan,  i,  abide,  nvait  for,  w.  g. 

59,    15155  pres.    3    sg.    3 1 '2  5 

3  Pl-  3^5. 

(2)  remain,  pres.  i  sg.  1 5^, 

pret.  ptc.  822. 
biddan,  v.,   beg,   entreat,  pray, 

w.  a.  pers.  g.  rei.  pret.  3  sg. 

593. 
biidfaest  =  bidfaest,  adj. ,  stable, 

5  67. 
bidsteal,  n.,  resistance,  bidsteal 

giefe'S,  stands  at  bay,  40 '9. 
bifeohtan,  in,  deprinje  by  fight- 


ing, depri've,  w.  d.  rei.  pret 

ptc.  3^2. 
bifon,  rd.   contr.,  surround,  en 

circle,  40^2  .  pret.    ptc.  n.  pl 

neut.  bifongen,  26''*. 
bihealdan,  behealdan,  rd.  hold^ 

retain,  40^9  j  pret.  i   sg.  72"* 
(2)  behold,    observe,    pres 

3    sg.    175,    40^^  J  pret.    opt 

3  sg.  6o5. 
bihon,  rd.   contr.,    hang,   pret 

ptc.    bihongen,    hung    nvith 

56- 
bilecgan,  wi,   encircle,   conjer^ 

pres.  3  pl.  2625, 
bill,  n.,  sijoord,  d.  sg.  52. 
bilucan,  11,  shut  up,  pret.  3  sg, 

611. 
bindan,  in,  bind,  tie,  pres.  1  sg 

123,   2716.   3   sg.  3  87  .  pret 

3    sg.     337;    pret.    ptc.    21 7, 

285,  566,  7 1 '2;  a.  sg.  m.  4^ 
bindere,  m.,  a  binder,  27^. 
biniman,    iv,    depri've,    w.    g, 

rei.  pret.    3    sg.    262  j   w.    d 

pret.  ptc.  27 1'^. 
bireofan,  n,  bereanje,  w.  d.  rei 

pret.  ptc.  331  ;  n.  pl.  137. 
bisgo,  f.,  labour,  pains,   a.  sg 

567. 
bistelan,  iv,  rob,  depri've,  w. 

d.  rei.  pret.  ptc.  27^3  .  n.  pl 

116. 
bitan,  i,  bite,  pres.    i  sg.  65^ 


134 


^lo^sfar^ 


3sg.  654;  3  pi.  59,  656;pres. 

opt.    3   sg.    655;   pret.    3   pi. 

9122  J  pret.  opt.  3  sg.  91^7, 
biter,  adj.,   bttter^   33^5  d.   pi. 

178. 
bitweonum,  prep.,  w.  dat.,  be- 

i^ween,  folng.  its  case,  a  92. 
biSeccan,  wi,  co<very  pret.  ptc. 

bl'Seaht,  2^. 
blac,     adj.,     brig/it,      shining, 

ivhttey  pale,  d.   sg.  wk.  3'*4  j 

n.  pi.  neut.  3^1. 
blaec,  adj.,  black,  d.  sg.   lo^;  i. 

9122  •  n.  pi.  neut,  51^  5  f.  572. 
bl^can,  bleach,  pret.  ptc.  zS^. 
blaed,    m.,    •wealth,   prosperity, 

377;  a.  sg.  936. 
blsetan,  rd.,  bleat,   pres,    i  sg. 

242. 
blandan,  rd.,  blend,  mix,  stir 

up,   pret.    opt.    2    sg.    40^9  5 

pret.  ptc.  322,  238. 
bleaS,  adj.,  timid,  40 '6. 
bled,  f.,  shoot,  flonjuer,  leaf,  crop, 

a.  pi.  139. 
bledhwaet,  a.d].,  Jloivery,  fruit- 
ful, a.  pi.  m.  1 9. 
bleofag,  adj.,  coloured,  2o3. 
bleowe,  ?866. 
blican,  i,  shine,  (2)  appear,  be 

•visible,  349. 
bliss,  f.,  bliss,  joy,  a.  sg. 8^,437  ; 

d.    3I'5. 

blod,  n.,  blood,  91'^,  a.  sg.  4018. 


blonca,  m.  wk.,  a  ivhite  horse, 

a.  pi.  2218. 
blostma,  m.  -wV..,  blossom,  a.  sg. 

4028. 
blowan,  rd.,  bloom,  349;  pres. 

ptc.  n.  sg.  30"*. 
boc,  f.,  book,  a.  pi.  bee,  42^. 
bOcwudu,    m.,   beech-ivood,  d. 

sg.  40 106. 
bodian,  W2,  announce,  declare, 

foretell,   pres.    i    sg.    bodige, 

810. 
bold,  n.,  building,  habitation,  a. 

sg.  159. 
bona,  m.  wk.,  murderer,  g.  sg. 

.2o'8,  72^,  d.  253. 
bonnan,  rd.,  summon,   pres.    i 

sg._  14^. 
borcian,  W2,  bark,  pret.    3  sg. 

866. 
bord,  n.,   board,  table,   a.    sg. 

9122,  29  J    g.   8723,   24. 

borda,    m.   wk.,     lid,     cover, 

fringe,  d.  pi.  149. 
bordweall,  m.,  shield-nvall,  a. 

pi.  336. 
bosm,  m.,  bosom,  breast,  a.  sg. 

362,  i49;d.  sg.  347,  126,  141S, 

2  3^  37^  79^- 
bot,  f.,  recompense,  reward,  re- 

ne-iving,  377. 
brad,  adj.,  broad,  a.  sg.  m.  wk. 

3^^  comp.  n.  sg.  neut.bradre, 

4o5o,  82. 


&io&&m 


135 


brsegnloca,  m.  wk.,  brain- 
locker  y  skull f  d.  sg.  72^4, 

breahtm,  m.,  noisey  s/iouting, 
325,  d.  sg.  43  }  g.  pi.  340. 

breaw,  m.,  eye-lidy  g.  pi. 
breaga,  40 'oo. 

brecan,  iv,  breaky  4^  j  pres.  i 
sg.  7226.  3  sg.  386,654. 

bregdan,  iii,  dranx>y  dragy  w.  d. 
pres.  I  sg.  898  j  w.  a.  pres. 
opt.   3  sg.  2i3. 

brengan,  wi,  bringy  pret.  3  sg. 
brohte,  iz^'^y  598;  pret.  ptc. 
n.  sg.  broht,  iz"^. 

breost,  n.y  breasty  n.  sg.  1$^^. 

brerd,  m.,  margiriy  surfacCy  a. 
sg.   2  69. 

brim  n.,  the  seuy  g.  sg.  2 '3, 
io7. 

brimgiest,  m.,  sea-guesty  mar- 
iner y  g.  pi.  3 25. 
bringan,  iii  =  brengan,    wi, 

bringy  pres.  i    sg.  8^  ;    3   sg. 

11^}  pret.  ptc.  2i7,  272. 
broga,  m.  wk.,  terror y   horror y 

n.  pi.  3^1. 
broSor,  m.,  brother y  43",  82^, 

g^is^  23^  26^  9ii3;n.  pi.  8720  J 

a.  3122. 
broSorleas,    adj.,    brother  less, 

8724. 
bru,  f.,  eye-broiVy   g.  pi.  40^00. 
brucan,  11,  use,  enjoy y  w.  g.  20^°, 

26^8^  4o'oo  ;   pres.  3   sg.  (w. 


pi.  subj.)   1810  j    3    pi.  32"  J 

pres.  opt.  I  pi.  41 7. 
brun,  adj.,  broivny  f.  wk.  6o6j 

neut.  9 1 '6}  a.  sg.  m.  26^,  g. 

pi.  90'  ;  d.  pi.  17^. 
bryd,  f.,  bridey  ladyy  12^,  453  j 

d.  sg.   2027. 
bugan,  WI,  inhabity  divelly'yf.  a. 

pres.  I  sg.  72,  158;  3  pi.  67^5. 
bugan,  II,  bendy  72^  ;  pres.  ptc. 

d.  sg.  f.  bugendre  stefne,  'with 

plianty  ox modulatedy'voicey  8^. 
bur,  n.,  bonjoery  cottage,  d^well- 

ingy  a.  sg.  29S. 
burg,  f.,  cityy  castUy  a.  sg.  557  ; 

d.  byrig,  29^  ;  d.  pi.   3^0,  5i^ 

59,  86,  341,  822,  936. 
burghliS,  n. ,  castled  hilly  slope  of 

the  strongholdy   d.   pi.  b-hleo- 

"Sum,  272. 
burgssel,  n.,  castle-hally   a.  pi. 

burgsalo,  575. 
burgsittende,  pi.,  dnjuellers  in 

the  castle,  peopUy  g.  pi.  252. 
burne,  byrne,  f.   wk.,  torrent, 

mountain-stream,    nvater,    a. 

sg.  2218}  g.  362. 
buta,  pron.,   =  butu,  neut.  of 

begen,  both,  546. 
butan,   prep.,  w.   d.,   ^without, 

482. 
byden,  f.,  barrel,  tun,  butt,  d. 

sg.  276. 
byht,  m.,  bight,  bay,  a.  sg.  2 2 '2. 


136 


^lo^s^ar^ 


byht,  n.,  dwell ingy  habit atiouy 

a.  pi.  7^. 
byledbreost,  adj.,  ivith  breast 

like    a     beak,    puff-breasted, 

801. 
byrnan,   iii,  burn  (intr.)  pres. 

ptc.  30I 
byrne,  v.  btirne, 
byrne,  f.,  byrnie,  corslet,  20^. 
bysgian,  wz,  agitate,   trouble, 

pret.  ptc.  3 ©3. 
bysig,  adj.,  busy,  ^oK 

C. 

cage,  f.  wk.,  key,  g.  sg.  42". 
cald,  adj.,  ro/^,  comp.,  405"*. 
calu,  adj.,  calloiv,  bald,  40^9. 
caru,  f.,  care,   trouble,  sorroiv, 

a.  sg.  438. 
ceaster,  f.,  city,  a.  sg.  59^6, 
cene,  adj.,  bold,  comp.  40 '8, 
cennan,  wi,  bring  forth,  bear, 

pret.  3  sg.  352;  ptc.  39^5. 
ceol,  m.,  keel,  ship,  d.  sg.  3^8^ 

1 84,  332. 
ceorfan,  in,  car<ve,  heiv,  pret. 

ptc.  28^^. 
ceorl,    m.,    churl,   countryman, 

a-  sg.  278,  g.  256. 
cigan,  WI,  call,  pres.  i  sg.  89. 
cirman,  wi,  chirm,  cry  out,  pres. 

I  sg.  83  J   3  pi.  57^^  ;  pret.  3 

sg.  483. 


claengeorn,    adj.,    desirous    of 

purity,  cleanly,  8326. 
clengeS,  288  5  perh.  a  noui\  in 

a.    sg.,    meaning    merriment, 

jollity. 
cleopian,  W2,  call  out,  pret.  3 

sg.  33^- 
clif,  n.,  cliff,  a.  pi.  cleofu,  328. 
clomm,  clamm,    m.    f.,   bond, 

fetter,  a.  pi.  3^5,  42 12. 
clympre,  m.,  lump,  40^5. 
clyppan,  wi,  embrace,  pres.  3 

pi.  2626. 
cneo,  n.,  knee,  a.  pi.  44^. 
cnosi,    n.,    offspring,    kindred, 

tribe,  g.  sg.,  1 84,  438, 
cnyssan,  wi,  strike,  358. 
cofa,  m.   wk.,  chamber,   d.  sg. 

63I 
comp,  m.,  battle,  strife,  contest, 

g.  sg.  2  ©35  J  d.  62. 
compwsepen,  n. ,  battle-iveapon, 

d.  pi.  2o9. 
conn,  const,  v.  cunnan. 
craeft,   m.,    craft,   skill,    83^3  . 

a-  sg.  31'^  i  g-  8i'^}  d.  42", 

7223  J  d.  pi.  31 10. 

(2)  might,  strength,  d.  sg. 

2i7,  72",  8326.  d.  pi.  359. 
creodan,  11,  croivd,  press,  pres. 

3  sg.  cryde"S,    328. 
Crist,  m.,  Christ,  62. 
cuma,  m.  wk.,  guest,  stranger, 

43^^. 


^Io00ar^ 


"^17 


cuman,  iv,  come^  Sy^^  j  pres.  3 
sg.  3^S  3  7^  40^^  ;  pres.  opt. 
sg.  cyme,  5S,  638jcume,  15'°; 
pret.  I  sg.  652;  3  sg.  106, 
22S297,  3315  54IJ  85S  9116. 

cunnan,  prp.,  to  he  ablcy  pres. 
2  sg.  const,  36"  ;  pres.    opt. 

2  sg.    32^^  }  pret.  3  sg.  cu"5e, 

59'°- 

(2)  kno-iv,  pres.  3  sg.  conn, 

60",    69 1  J    pres.  opt.    3   sg. 

6718,  7229. 
cu3,    adj.,    <vjell-knoiMny     298, 

33",  7i",  93'  ;    a.  sg.  neut. 

wk.  445. 
cuSe,  V.  cunnan. 
cwelan,  iv,  ^/>,pres.  i  sg.  65', 
cwellan,  wi,  killy  pres.    i    sg. 

2o9  5  pret.  sg.  776. 
cwen,  f. ,  queetiy  ladjy  j()^y  n.  pi. 

498. 
cwene,  f.,  njuomariy  73'. 
cweSan,  v,  say^  pret.  i  sg.  65'  ; 

3  sg.  48^    59^    67"  ;    3    pi. 
5912;  pret.  opt.  3  pi.  5917. 

cwic,  cwico,  adj.,  quick^  li'ving, 
65 S  T^'^  j  a.  sg.  neut.  cwico, 
106,  133  ;  cwicu,  7  35}  g.  pl. 
288  ;  a.  pl.  the  linjing,  62,387. 

cwide,  m.,  speech^  sayings  a.  sg. 

_47^. 
cymlic,   adj.,    comely ^  beautiful^ 

332. 
cyn(n),  n.,  race^  tribe,  kind,  772  ; 


a.  sg.  498  j   g.   sg.  339,  60^} 

d.  sg.  350  ;    a.   pl.  63 ;    g.  pl. 

4iS  55S838. 
cyneword,  n.,  fitting  ivordy  d. 

pl.  4315. 
cyning,  m.,  king,  20^,  403  j   g. 

sg.  79^  5  n.  pl.  498. 
cyrran,   wi,   turriy    pres.    3   sg. 

3110,-   pret.  3  sg.  22^7  J  pret. 

ptc.  28^. 
cyrten,  adj.,   comely y  beautifuly 

n.  sg.  f.  256. 
cyssan,    wi,    kiss,  pres.  3    sg. 

63^^  ;   3  pl.  143,  306. 
cystig-,     adj.,    bountifuly    goody 

8326. 
cySan,    wi,     announce  y     make 

kno<wny   43,    31^3^  g^9j   pres. 

opt.   3  sg.  43  is  J   pret.  3  sg. 

8730. 

D. 

dad,  f. ,  deedy  d.  sg.  11 7. 

daeg,  m.,  day,  a.  sg.  2o7,  58^* } 
g.  27 '7  J  adverbially,  by  dayy 
273,  492  J  d.  pl.  9S  53^; 
advbl.  5'^. 

daegcondel,  f.,  day-candUy  sun, 

9l3o. 

daegrim,  m.,    number   of  daySy 

d.  sg.  91^. 
daegtid,    f.,    day-time,     d.    pl. 

173,   7i7. 


138 


^losf^ar^ 


dael,  n.y  njalleyy  a.  pi.  dalu,  91 9. 
dsil,   m.,    share,    portion,    28^, 

60%   6445   a.    sg.    554,    589, 

7 1 1'*  5  d.  2610,  ?729. 
daroS,  m.,  spear,  n.  pi.  5 61 
dead,  adj.,  dead,  73"^  j  a.  sg.  m. 

9'- 
deaf,  adj.,  deaf,  a.  sg.  492. 
deagol,   degol,  adj.,   secret,  a. 

sg-   15^'  )  ^'  pl-  40^9^ 
deall,  adj.,  proud,   resplendent, 

3122  J  a.  pl.  22". 
dear,  prp.,  only  in  pres.  i   sg. 

I  dare,  1515, 
deaS,  m.,  death,  15",  84^5  d. 

sg.    I2i5,  28IX,    P8  349. 

deaSslege,  m.,  death-bloiv,   a. 

pl.  5"^. 
deaSspere,   n.,  death-spear,  a. 

pl.  3". 
deaw,  m.,  denv,  2 9 '2. 
degol,  adj.  v.  deagol. 
degolful,  adj.,  secret,  a.  sg.  m. 

82i3. 

delfan,  iii,  dig  out,  pres.  3  pl. 

4o97. 

deman,  wi,  judge,  28". 

denu,  f.,  'valley,  d.  pl.  27^, 

dSop,  adj.,  deep,  22^5  a.  sg. 
neut.  6105  a.  pl.  m.  91^5 
neut.  9i9  ;  g.  pl.  56! 

deope,  adv.,  deeply,  536. 

deor,  adj.,  hra^vey  strong,  31'^  } 
d.  sg.  m.   12^. 


deoran,  11,  praise,  glorify,  pres. 
3  pl.   Il7. 

deorc,  adj.,  dark,  321  j  n.  pl. 
neut.  3^^^  5  d.  pl.  129. 

deore,  adj.,  dear,  precious,  de- 
sirable, 17'°;  a.  sg.  m.  43^} 
comp.  83^65  sup.  a.  sg.  neut. 
11^5  g.  sg.  wk.   3310,  411 

dohtor,  f.,  daughter,  256,  3310^ 
455,    795  J    n.    pl.    462;    g. 

9 '2. 

dol,   adj.,    stupid,  foolish,    3^3, 

20^25  neut.  129,  26'7  •  a.  pl. 

1 1^,  27^7. 
dolg,    n.,    n.vound,    n.    pl.    513  j 

g-,561 
dolgian,  W2,  nvound,  pret.  ptc. 

536}  a.  sg.  wk.  (?)  59". 
dom,  m.,  judgment,  d.  sg.  72'°. 
(2)   honour,  poiver,  a.   sg. 

82'3;  g.  sg.   3i«6. 
don,  anv.,  ^0,   pres.  3   sg.  67"^ } 

3    pl.    4 1 7,    49 10  5    pret.    sg. 

dyde,  202^  j  3  sg.  9^2,  26^. 
dream,  m.,  song,  mirth,  re^velry, 

2  87. 

drefan,  wi,  stir,  trouble,   pres. 

I  sg.  72  •  pret.  3  sg.  2  2'*^. 
dreogan,  11,  suffer,  labour,  pres. 

I   sg.    806;  3   sg.  32iO}pret. 

3  sg.  51^- 

(2)  perform,  fulfil,  58- 
pres.  3  sg.  69'^  5  siSas  dreogan, 
journey,    39'''}   bisgo    dreag. 


i3\o&&m 


139 


performed     labour^      suffered 
trouble,  $6"^. 
drifan,  i,  drinje^  drinje  out,  pres. 

3  sg.  40^^- 
drihten,  v.  dryhten. 
drincan,  iii,  drink,    12^^    71?  . 

pres.  3   pi.    14'^,  20",    63^  j 

pret.   3  pi.  5sS  56",  6717. 
drohtaS,  f.,  iv^    of  life,   lot, 

fortune,  a.  sg.  6'°. 
druncmennen,      n.,      drunken 

maidservant,  i29. 
dryge,  adj.,  ^rj;,  4o77. 
dryht,  f.,   /roo/),   multitude,   pi. 

zrz^«,    mankind,    g.    pi.     2  8  7, 

41-^5  d.    3''5,   i2'5,  502. 

Dryhten,    Drihten,     m.,    the 

Lord,  God,   40 12,  842  }  a.  sg. 

59II  ;  g.    598,    ?7o9. 

dryhtfolc,  n.,  nation,  multitude, 

g.    pi.    26'7. 

dryhtgestrSon,  n.,  noble  trea- 
sure, g.  pi.  17^. 
dufan,  II,  dinje,  pret.  i  sg.  73'*  ; 

3  sg.  51^- 
dugan,  prp.,  a<vail,  pres.  3  sg. 
deag,  72^  ;  pret.  3  sg.  dohte, 

6l7. 

duguS,  f.,  gain,  benefit,  ad- 
<vantage,  a.  sg.  91*^;  him  to 
dug'Sum  for  his  benefit,  49'°. 

dumb,  adj.,  dumb,  3i'6j  536, 
wk.  49'°,  59^}  a.  sg.  wk. 
492  J  d.  pi.  502. 


dun,  f.,   doivn,   mountain,  321  j 

g.    sg.    1521;  a.    pi.    386}  d. 

273. 
duru,  f.,  door,  d.  pi.  15",  2  87. 
dust,  n.,  dust,  29 12. 
d'wsscan,  wi,  extinguish,  pres. 

3  sg.  8338. 
dwellan,  wi,  lead  astray,  pres. 

^i  sg.  ii3. 
dyfan,  wi,  dip,  pret.  3  sg.  26^. 
dynt,  m.,  blonx\  d.  pi.  2 7 '7. 
dyp,  f.,  depth,  the  deep  {sea),  a. 

sg.  32'. 
dyre,  adj.,  precious,  dear,  40^9^ 

83'3j  f.  8322J  g.  sg.  wk.  82i3j 

comp.  a.  pi.  496. 
dysig,  adj.,  stupid,  a.  pi.  112. 


Sac,    conj.,    also     36'',     40'*°, 

6313. 
eacen,    adj.,    increased,  great, 

mighty,  s'\  9^}  f-  3  3'S  83'°, 
26. 

Sad,  n.,  ivealth,  possessions, 
a.  sg.  2623. 

Sadig,  adj.,  nvealthy,  prosper- 
ous, d.  pi.  8327. 

Sadignes,  f.,  nvealth,  prosper- 
ity, happiness,  g.  sg.  3o9. 

eafora,  m.  wk.,  child,  off' 
spring,  d.  sg.  2021  j  a.  pL 
IS". 


140 


^lo0sfar^ 


cage,  n.  wk.,  eye,  25"  ;  a.  sg. 
37^  853,  8665  n.  pi.  40"  5 
a.  pi.  366,  8o3  ;  g.  pi.  39", 
599  ;d.  pi.  155,  8331. 

eal(l),  adj.  pron.,«//,  a.  sg.  m. 
4oi-^,  669;  £^  40^3.  neut. 
4o33,  4o^  84^  gjrSj  n.  pi.  m, 
5510,  663  .  a.  neut.  ealle,  83^, 

9121  ;     g.    pi.    131,    3313,   39H 
4o4,    88^   466  ;     d.    298,    40101, 

eal(l),  adv.,  all,  quite,  5^,  92^, 

eald,  adj.,  old,  8^  j  a.  sg.  m. 
278;  d.  sg.  m.  40^3.  comp. 
yldra,  40'^^^  yi9. 

ealdor,  n.,  life,  spirit,  93,  ?67i^. 

ealdorburg,  f.,  princely  duell- 
ing, a.  sg.  5  9 '5. 

ealdorgesceaft,  f.,  condition  of 
life,  3923. 

ealfelo,  adj.,  most  pernicious,  a. 
sg.  n.  239. 

ealles,  adv.,  quite,  15''*. 

eallgearo,  adj.,  all  eager,  23"^. 

earn,  m.,  uncle,  46^. 

ear,  m.,  the  sea,  d.  sg.  322. 

earc,  f.,  box,  d.  sg.  612. 

card,  m.,  home,  drivelling,  %j^^; 
a.  sg.  6o5,  668,  806,  8719J 
d-  sg.  334,  72S,  828,  9114. 

eardfcBSt,  adj.,  established  in  its 
place,  a.  sg.  49 1. 

eardian,  W2,  divell,  Sy^^ ; 
pret.  3  sg.  8728. 


Sare,  f.  wk.,  ear,  n.   pi.    1555 

a.  pi.  8o3,  853. 
earfoS,  n,,  labour,  g.   pi.  71 '4. 
earm,   adj.,  poor,   d.   pi.  8327  j 

sup.  3914. 
earm,  m.,  arm,  a.  pi,  32^,  85^. 
earn,  m. ,  eagle,  40^7  j  a.  sg.  24"*. 
earp,  eorp,  adj.,  dark  bronvn, 

dark,  49",  72'^  ;  g-  sg.  neut. 

9125  ;  n.  pi.  wk.  342. 
eaSe,  adv.,   easily,    j s^^y  23", 

40^3^  558. 
Sawunga,  adv.,  e^ndently,  open- 
ly, 7225. 
eaxl,  exl,  f.,    shoulder,   a.   pi. 

326,  693,   856,   ?72i6. 
eaxlgestealla,    m.,    shoulder- 

companion,  79 ^ 
ece,  adj.,   eternal,   40';   d.   pi. 

ecan,  4o9o. 

(2)  adv.  .?67il 
ecg,  f.,  edge,  snvord,  'i,^^,  z(fi  ; 

n-  pl-  33"^  5  g-  5'^  5  d.  3^2,  53. 
edniwe,  adj.,  renenved,  (.'')4i'. 
efelang,  adj.,    of  equal  lengthy 

447. 
efnan,  wi,    le'vel,   make  e'ven, 

pres.  I  sg.  278. 
efne,  adv.,  e'ven,just ;  efne  swa, 

e'venas,  3'3  j    efne  swa '5eah, 

—  seSeah,  nenjertheless,  3927, 

65^ 
efnetan,  v,    ritual    in   eating, 

40^3. 


^Io06ar^ 


141 


eft,  adv.,  agairty  i'^,  338^  63^  59^  j  gorp,  v.  earp. 


jOi3,    263,    10^    376^     396^     65V 

91^. 

(2)  backivardsy  23^,  62^. 
egesful,  adj.,  terrible,  33'*. 
egle,  adj.,  odious,  painful,  n.  pi. 

f.  7i'75  d.  pi.  17^. 
egsa,   m.    wk.,    terror,   panic, 

333,   49. 

eh,  n.,  horse,  a  pi.  22". 
ehtuwe,  num.,  eight,  36'^. 
ellen,   m.   n.,  strength,  feat  of 

strength,  61 7,  72^  j  a.  sg.  58', 

8730. 
ellenrof,   adj.,     branje,     stout, 

strong,  n.  pi.  22^0. 
ellorfus,   adj.,  hurrying  aivay, 

n.  pi.  43 '3. 
ende,  m.,  end,  a.   sg.  831°  j  d. 

79»,  87^^. 
engel,  m.,  angel,  g.  pi.  66^. 
engu,  f.,  a  narroiv place,  a.  sg. 

35  ;d.    3'2. 

eode,  V.  gan. 

eodorwir,  m.,  njoire-fence,  d.  pi. 

172. 
eofor,  m.,  boar,  d.  sg.  40'^. 
eoredmaecg,    m.,    rider,  a.  pi. 

223. 

eoredSreat,  m.,   legion,   army, 

host,  349. 
eorl,  m.,earl, nobleman,  man, g. 

sg.  6o"3,  795  J  a.  pi.  22"  ;  g. 

467}  d.  85,  3111,  558,  931. 


eorSbuende,  pi.,  d-ivellers  on 
earth,  d.  pi.  29^. 

eorSe,  f.  wk.,  the  earth,  53^; 
a.  sg.  22,  i63,  2912,  3511, 
4oS^2i,  668,  8341,  8721,93105 
g.  4o4,  25,6716,825,  87^7.  d. 
,7,   368,  63,  278,    16,    ^o4o,    50, 

«2,    416,     501,     762. 

eorSgraef,    n.,  trench,  ditch,   a. 

sg.  589. 
esne,  m.,  servant,   4 3  5,  8,    16, 

44%  54^  635  ;  a.  pi.  27'6  ;  g. 

22i3. 

6st,  i,,fa<vour,  lo've,  d.  pi.  26I 
etan,    v,   ^«/,   pres.  3  sg.   itelS, 

5810,  768. 
SSel,  m.,  home,  homestead,  na- 

ti've  land,    iG^  ;   a.   sg.    66^, 

918;  d.  1512. 
eSelfaesten,    n.,  fortress-homCy 

a.  sg.  72^5. 
eSelstol,     m.,    ancestral    seat, 

home,  a.  sg.  3  7. 
eS3a,  conj.  =  o33e,  or,  43^7. 
exl,  V.  eaxl. 


F. 


faecne,  adj.,  deceitful,  malicious, 

d.  sg.  m.  538. 
faeder,    m.,  father,     9*,     37^ 

4o34,  464,  839. 
fseger,    adj.,   fair,    beautiful. 


142 


Cloflfflfar^ 


3ii7j  835  J  comp.  n.  sg.  neut. 

4046. 

fsegre,  adv.,  fairly^  pleasantly^ 

kindly ^  nvelly  12",   20^,    28', 

5o«,  534,  632,  7221. 
faehS,  f.,  /^«^,  hostility y  strife, 

d.  pi.  29". 
faelsian,  W2,  clean,  purify,  pret. 

ptc.  82! 
fSmig,  V.  famig. 
fsemne,  f.,  maiden,  ^z^,  73'. 
far,  m.,  fear,   sudden   danger, 

5  3'^- 

faest,  adj.,/rw,  172,  2ii3,  346, 
6o3  ;  a.  pi.  347  5  g.  527. 

faeste,  adv.,  fast,  firmly,  se- 
curely, 3"^,  12^,  i6'o,  231"^, 
262^,  52%  566,  61',  7o4,  8725. 

faesten,  n.,  a  fastness,  confined 
place,  a.  sg.  259. 

fat,  zd].,fat,  stout,  22''*,  comp. 

40 'o5. 

fated,  adj.,  plated,  a.  sg.  5i7. 
faSm,  m.,  embrace,  d.  sg.  63^; 
d.  pi.  2625,  664. 

(2)   bosom,  d.  sg.    12"  j  d. 

pi.    2i3^    10^. 

fah,  adj.,  hostile,  foe,  proscribed, 

2oj6,  82I 
fam,  w.,  foam,  z^. 
famig,     famig,    adj.,     foamy, 

3 '9,   32. 

faran,  vi,  go,  tra'vel,  dri've, 
(intr.)  32^,  «,  64',-  pres.  i  sg. 


627  J  3  sg.  3^8,  17",  2i4,  233, 

833  ;    3  pi.  3^65  vv.  acc.  pret. 

3  sg.    36^5  pres.    ptc.   a.    sg. 

m.  farende,  3^7. 
fea,  adj.,  fe^w,  n.  sg.  fea  senig, 

•very  fenv,  6o3  ;  n.  pi.  3^7. 
fealdan,rd.,/o/<^,  pret.  3  pi,  2  67. 
fealian,  rd.,  fall,  346;  pres.  3 

sg.    2ii3,  8010,  9 1 24  J  pret.  3 

sg.  29 '2. 
fealo,  adj.,  bronxrn,  or  yellowish 

red,  15I5  n.  sg.  m.  wk.  55'°; 

n.  pi.  7218. 
feax,  n.,  hair,  d.  sg.  91^2. 
feaxhar,  3.6].,  grey-haired,  73'. 
fedan,  wi,  feed,    pres.    3.    sg. 

342  J  3  pi.  5o«}pret.  3  sg.  9«, 

7i5,  76^  J  3  pi.  534,  72I. 
fegan,  \wi,  fix,  join,  pres.  3  sg. 

259  i  pret.  3  sg.  616. 
fela,  indecl.,  much,  many,  w.  g. 

pi.    8",  218,  328,  342,   8210 ; 

adverbially,  318,    583. 
felan,  wi,  feel,   w.    g.    pres.    3 

sg.  259,  8349  ;  3  pi.  68. 
felawlonc,    adj.,    'very  proud, 

stately,  f.   i27. 
feld,  m.,  field,  a.  pi.  328. 
fell,  n.,  hide,  skin,   g.  sg.    76^  ; 

n.  pi.  133. 
fen,  n.,fen,  morass,  4o3r. 
fenyce,  f.,  sivamp-frog,  4o7i. 
feoh,  n.,  cattle,  a.  sg.  342. 
(2)  money,  d.  sg.  54'^. 


(3\o$mt^ 


143 


feohtan,  in,    Jlg/it,     6^,    16'  ; 

pres.  ptc.  n.  pi.  j"*^. 
feohte,  f.,  battUy  a.  sg.  s^. 
feol,  f.,//^,  g.  sg.  yo^jd.  892. 
feolan,  iii,  penetrate^  pasSy  22^. 
feond,     m.,    enemy ^    21 3,    50^^, 

9126  J  ti.  sg.  5o4;  g.  pi.  26'. 
feondsceaSa,    m.    wk.,  enemy ^ 

a.  pi.  i4'9. 
feor,  adv.,y^r,  2^5. 
feorh,  feorg,  n.,  ///>,  92,   11^ -^ 

a.  sg.   106,    133,    1 519,    3916. 

d.  feore,  3^2,  20'^,  231^,  26', 


40^ 


91: 


feorhbealu,  n.,  life-bale^  a.  sg. 

235. 
feorhberend,  m.,  lining  person^ 

g.  pi.  396. 
feorhbora,    m.,  bearer  of  life ^ 

Having  things  902. 
feormian,  w2,   tendy   care  for^ 

cherish y  pres.   3  sg.  7221, 
feorran,  adv. ,  from  a  distance y 

6«,    127,  286,   542. 
feower(e),   num.,     foury     36^, 

38^  55S  ^  55>  7i5. 
fer  (=  faer),  n.,  journey y  a.  32'° 

(see  note). 
feran,    wi,  ^0,    monjey   irately 

29",    327,    36s     396,    4069, 

68S  741  j  pres.  i  sg.  iS,  371, 

i2S2ii}3sg.  322,  582,  9128^ 

933  }  3  pi.  344,  574.  pres.  ptc. 

n.  sg.  m.  7^  •  f.  83^. 


fere,  321°,  v.  faer,  neut. 

ferian,  fergan,  wi,  carry y  beary 
i5'3,  521  ;  pres.  3  sg.  147, 
5 84,  II J  pret.  3  sg.  196;  3 
_pl.  274. 

faring,  f.,  journey ingy  g.  sg. 
7227. 

ferS,  n.,  mtndy  lifcy  spirity  souly 
hearty  a.  sg.  73^  ;  d.  2621  ; 
d.  pi.  8333  J  fer^'Sum,  54^2, 
593. 

ferSfriSende,  adj.,  life-sustain- 
ing, 38^. 

feSe,  n.,  coursey  running,  d.  sg. 
152. 

feSegeorn,  adj.,  eager  to  mo<vey 

feSeleas,  adj.,  ^vuithout  feety  a. 
sg.  f.  763. 

feSemund,  i.y  a  ^^  run-handy'''' 
i.e.,  a  foot  suited  for  run- 
ning and  also  digging  (?),  d. 
pi.  1 5 '7. 

feSer,  i.y  feathery  n.  pi.  27"*. 

fif,  ViWVix.y  fi^uey  pi.  fife,  46^. 

findan,  iii,  findy  5"  j  pres.  3 
sg.  34^  8734  J  3  pi.  437. 
pret.  ptc.  271. 

finger,  m.,  finger y  n.  pi.  2  67, 
40^2  J  d.  pi.  63^. 

firas,  pi.  m.,  meny  g.  67"* ;  d. 
3  3 12. 

firen,  f.,  crimey  i/«,  a.  sg. 
8338. 


144 


i5\o^&m 


firenian,  wi,  re^viUy  pres.  3  sg. 

2034. 

firgenstream,  m.,  mountain- 
streamy  d.  pi.  io2, 

fisc,  m.yfs/i,  d.  pi.  7  3"*. 

fiSru,  n.  pi.,  njuingSy  a.  36^. 

flaesc,  n.,  ^^j-^,  a.  sg.  i'^,  76^, 
?8il 

flan,  f.,  arronjUy  a.  sg.  3^7. 

flangeweorc,  n.,  arronv-ivorky 
arronvSy  g.  pi.  5612. 

fleam,  m.y  flighty  d.  sg.  151^. 

fleogan,  II,  ^^y,  3^^  ^^\  4°^^ 
583  .  pres.  3  sg.  23^5  3  pi. 
176;  pret.  I  sg.  733  5  3  sg. 
2  2 16,  37^*. 

flgon,  II,  contr.,^^^,  pret. 


1529;  3  sg.  645. 


sg- 


fleotig,    adj.,  floatingy  fleetingy 

d.  sg.  wk.  5177. 
flet(t),  n.  floor. 

{z)hally   a.  sg.   55S  56^25 

d.   425. 

flint,  m.y  flinty  d.  sg.  4o78. 
flintgraeg,  zd}.,  flint-grey,  a.  sg. 

m.  3 '9. 
flocan,  wi,  clap  nvit/i  the  hands y 

pres.  3  sg.  2o34. 
flod,  m,,  floody  streamy  22^,  a. 

sg.       319;      d.       79,      102,      22i4, 

4o77,    733,    763;   n.    pi.    664; 
a.  pi.  147,  7  7 1. 
flodweg,  m.,  flood-nvajy  a.   pi. 
368. 


flyman,  w I,/ «/  to  flighty  1419; 

pres.  3  pi.  1 65. 
flys,  Vi.y  fleece,  d.  pi,  353. 
foddurwela,     m.,     fro^visiony 

store,  a.  sg.   321°. 
folc,  n.,  people,   nationy   a.   sg. 

7^;g.  646;d.  3  3",d.  pi.  3^3, 

fblcsael,  n.,  people'" s  hally  public 

buildingy  a.  pi.  i^. 
folcscipe,    m.,   nationy  people, 

d.  sg.  3  2 10. 
folcstede,  v(\.  y  people"  s  place  yd. 

sg.  5". 
folcwiga,  m.  wk.,  ^warrior y  n. 

pi.    I4'3. 

foldbuende,    pi.,    drivellers    on 

earthy  g.   ii3. 
folde,  f.  wk.,  earthy  a.  sg.  i^, 

12I;   g.  28S    4i5,  664,    902; 

d-   7^,  3  3'S  39'°,  73^- 
folgian,  W2,  follo^Wy  pret.  3  sg. 

372,  862. 
folm,  f.,/r<3«^,  40^2,  a.  sg.  39'°; 

d.   636;  n.  pi.    3i7;  a.    32^; 

g.    2715;  d.   2o34,   5919,    6i3, 

?72«. 

fon,  rd.  contr.,  take,  seize, 
catch,  pres.  3  sg.  feht5,  279 
(grapples  with)  ;  pret.  3  sg. 
feng,  w.  g.  563. 

for,  prep.,  w.  d.,  before,  182, 
2012,  3512,  481,  \  55«,  601S. 
(2) /or,  706,  9119. 


^lofif^ar^ 


145 


f5r,  f.,  journey,  198  5  d.  sg.  1 15, 

(2)  mo'vement,  d.  sg.  40^1, 

5i3. 
foran,  adv.,  in  front,  442,  538. 
forht,  adj.,   timid,   afraid;  (2) 

w.  d.  formidable,  43'°. 
forhtmod,  adj.,  tirnid,  15 '3. 
forlaetan,  rd.,  release,  let  flo^w, 

pres.  3Sg.  2  375pret.  3  sg.  382. 
forma,  zd].,  first,  5815. 
forst,  m.,  frost,  4o5-^,  91". 
for st elan,  11,   rob,    steal,    pret. 

ptc.    forstolen,    a.    pi.    neut. 

stolen  {property),  1418, 
forstondan,    vi,    hinder,    pre- 

<vent,  w.  d.  pers.  a.  rei.  pres. 

I  sg.  168. 
forstrang,  adj.,  'very  strong,  a. 

sg.  m.  50**. 
forswelgan,   iii,  siuallonv  up, 

pres.  3   sg.  49"  ;    pret.  3  sg. 

forS, zdv.,  forth,  on^ward,  anvay, 
216,  29",  ^3,  632,8,845,  8965 
henceforth,  20^'*. 

forScuman,  iv,  come  forth,  pret. 
ptc.  n.  pi.  forScymene,  13'°. 

forSgesceaft,  f.  n.,  creation,  a. 
sg.  839. 

forSon,  conj.,  for  that,  there- 
fore, 1 512,  2o3o,  26>3,  6713. 

for5si3,  rr\.,forthgoing,  depart- 
ure, exit,  g.  sg.  622. 


forSweard,  adj.,  pointing  for- 
ivard,  moving  fornvard,  2 1  ^^, 
7226. 

forSweg,  m.,  departure,  g.  sg. 
3o3. 

forweorSan,  iii,  perish,  die, 
pret.  opt.  I   sg.  56. 

ioiyxn.,  foot,  a.  sg.  312°,  39^°, 
8o3,  9125  .  d.  fote,  3117  .  fet, 
326;  n.  pi.  fet,  3i7;  a.  36^, 
678,  854;  g.  27^5,  566  id.  I2S 
7,   4o77,    8  1 4. 

f53or,  m.,  fodder,  food,  g.  sg. 
58". 

fraetwan,  wi,  -ian,  W2,  orna- 
ment, adorn,  pres.  3  pi.  35'°  } 
pret.  3  sg.  6185  pret.  ptc. 
1411,286,  312,  20^  322^  538. 

fraetwe,  pi.  f.,'  ornaments, 
adornments,  j^  ;  a.  13'°}  d. 
147,  40^6. 

fram,  v.  from. 

frea,  m.  wk.,  lord,  master,  31, 
6^  17^  9iS-  g-  sg.  3^^  44S 

728,     8975     d.     202,     24,     4310, 

5510,  6i3,  (iz^,-!^^. 
frecne,  adj.,  dangerous,  terrible, 

a.  sg.  n.  5"*. 
frecne,  2.dv.,  fiercely,   se'verely, 

dangerously,  20 '6, 
frefran,   wi,    comfort,    delight, 

pres.  I  sg.  (i^ . 
fremde,  adj.,  foreign,   strange, 

i6^  93^ 


146 


^losfs^ar^ 


fremman,  wi,  do^  ivorkj  3i9, 
72",  8729  J  gu^'e  fremme, 
make  oc'^r,  2 0^5, 

fremu,  f. ,  benefit^  ad^antagCy  d. 
pi.  508. 

freo,   adj.,  free-born^   noble y  g. 

pi.    I  5 '9. 

freogan,  w.   contr.,   /o'l;^',  pres. 

freolic,  adj.,/r^^,  «o^/f,  goodly y 

1413,  8328,  902  ;  n.  sg.  f.  611  J 

n.  pi.  neut.  46^^. 
freond,  m.,  friend^  d.  sg.  20^6  . 

g.  pi.  2621  ;  d.  934. 
freorig,  adj.,  coldy  35'. 
freoSian,  W2,  protect^   cherish, 

pres.  3  8g.  8975  pret.  3  sg.  95. 
fretan,  v,  eat  (of  animals),  de- 

'vouTy  7  65  •  pret.  3  sg.  47  ^ 
fricgan,  v,  asky  search  fory  im- 

pertve.   1419,  161°,  2626,  27^5. 
fridhengest,  m.y  a  stately  horse y 

a.  pi.  22'^. 
friS,  m.  n.,  peaccy  safety y  a.  sg. 


72 


26 


friSemaeg,  f.,  protectress y  9^. 
friSian,    W2,    protect,    defend, 

I  67. 
friSosped,  f.,  prosperity,  g.  sg. 

frod,  adj.,  ivise,  prudent,  a.  pi. 
59^  5  comp.  8335,  n.  pi.  2621  ; 
oldy  5  3^  82S  916  5  a.  sg.  m. 
72^. 


fr5for,  f.,  comforty  help y  joy y  g. 

sg.  54  ;  d.  3  9 '9. 
from,    fram,    adj.,     strenuous  y 

'vigorous y    bold,    w.    g.    622, 

7227  .  comp.  51^^  5  sup.  advbl. 

8328. 
from,  prep.  w.   d.yfroniy  a<TJoay 

froniy  2o23,  2  2i9^  332^  43". 
fromcynn,  n.,  lineagey  ancestry y 

a.  sg.  8  2 1,  7. 
fromlice,   adv.,    stoutlyy   boldly y 

promptly,   15 '7,   40^9  j    comp. 

4066, 

fruma,  m.  wk.,  beginningy 
origin,  a.  sg.  827. 

frumbearn,  n.,  first-borny  n. 
pi.  46I 

frumsceaft,  ^.,  first  creation,  be- 
ginning of  all  things,  d.  sg.  3"! 

frumsta3ol,  m.,  original  seat, 
place  of  birth,  d.  sg.  60^. 

frymS,    m.,    beginningy   d.    sg. 

406,   34. 

fugol,  fugul,  m.,  birdy  36^} 
g.  sg.  267,  361°  J  d.  3l7j  d. 
pi.  51^  73^- 

ful,  adj.,  full,  a.  sg.  3^0;  ad- 
verbially with  adj.  or  another 
adv.  as  ful  oft,  30^ ;  sim.  25^, 
40'^,  826,  8715. 

ful,  zd].yfouly  n.  sg.  wk.  40^^^  • 
comp.  4o3i. 

full,  n.,  cupy  a.  sg.  23^'*  j  a.  pi. 

-38 


<S\o$iat^ 


147 


fullestan,  wi,  kelpy  pres.  3  sg. 

24^. 
fundian,  wi,  stri^ve^  endea'vour^ 

pres.  3sg.  8  35;pret.  3  pi.  226. 
furSum,  adv.,  at  fir  sty  former  ly^ 

3.4. 

fQs,  adj.,  ready y  prompty  eager y 

hasteningy  jx^"^  j    n.  pi.  neut. 

3"*^  j  d.  pi.  91'^;  w.  g.  eager 

for,  3o3. 
fyllan,    wi,    fe/Iy    o'verthro<TX)y 

pres.  I  sg.  1 9. 
fyllan,  wiy  filly  618,  pret.  3  sg. 

37^^  5  w.  g.  pret.  ptc.   172. 
fyllo,  i.y  fulness y  ^wealthy  a.  sg. 

425;  g.  175. 
fyr,  n.,  firey    a.    sg.   4o7« ;    g. 

70^*  ;  d.  3^3,  i2«i,   3o3,  82! 
fyrd,  f.,  armyy  a.  sg.  7221. 
fyrdrinc,  m.,   ivarriory  g.   sg. 

792. 
fyrdsceorp,  n.,  ivar-equipmenty 

i4'3. 
fyrn,  adj.,  ancienty  f.  83*^. 

G. 

gaest,  gest,  giest,   m.,  ^«^j/, 
str anger y    is'o  j   a.    sg.    43^3 

g.    pi.    3^0  ;   d.    22 '5. 

g«st,  m.y  spirity    7^,   59'S  ;   d. 
sg.    9^    59^*5  a.    pi.    i'3;   g. 
40^',  485. 
•(2)  lifey  a.  sg.   122. 


gsestberend,  m.,  bearer  of  lifey 

many  a.  sg.  20^. 
gaful,  gafol,  n.,  tributey  a.  sg. 

32'2  ;  on  gafol,  for  the  use  of 

382. 
galan,   vi,   singy   cry  outy   pres. 

3  sg.  gsletS,  20^5. 
galdor,   n.,  incantattony  g.    pi. 

672. 
galdorcwide,       m.,       magicy 

speech y  a.  sg.  48^. 
gan^anv.,^0,   435  ;  pres.  3  sg. 

gas's,  4o77j  pret.  3  sg,  code,  4^. 
gangan,  v,   gongan. 
garsecg,  m.,  the  oceany  g.   sg. 

2^,    4o93. 

gat,  m.  £,  goaty  242. 

gear,  n.,  yeary  g.  pi.  32^2  ^  d. 

723. 
geara,  adv.,  of  yorey  formerly y 

2029. 
geard,  m.,  enclosurcy  d^wellingy 

a.  pi.  20^  ;  d.  432,  90"*. 
gearu,     adj.,     ready  y     prompty 

comp.  8336 
gearugongende,     adj.,    going 

saviftlyy  40''', 
gearwe,  adv.,  readily y  entirely, 

826. 
geatwan,  wi,   prepare y   equip y 

pret.  ptc.  28^. 
geatwe,     pi.      f.,     ornamentSy 

trappitigSy    advbl.    d.,    spleu' 

didlyy  35'o. 


148 


(3\o^&m 


gebrec,  n.,  cras^^  noisey  n.  pi. 

gebroSor,     pi.     m.,     brethren^ 

brothers  {collecti'vely)y  132. 
geceapian,  W2,  purchase,  pres.. 

3  sg.  23'^- 

geceosan,  11,  choose,  pret.  part, 
gecoren,  31'°. 

gecweSan,  v,  say,  pret,  3  sg. 
488. 

gecynd,  f.,  kind,  species,  na- 
ture,   d.     sg.     ya'*  J     d.    pi. 

39'^- 

gecySan,  wi,  make  knonvn,  de- 
clare, 837. 

gedselan,   wi,    separate,    pres. 

3  pl-  84^' 
gedon,  anv.,  cause,   pret.  3   pL 

gedydon,  72^. 
gedreag,   n.,    tumult,    turmoil, 

a.  sg,  6 10. 
gedwelan,  iv,  go  astray,  err; 

pret.  ptc.  n.  pi.  m,,  perverse, 

Il7. 

gedygan,  wi,  escape,  surnju-ve, 

pres.  3  sg.  38^;  3  pl-  3^^- 
gedyn,   n.,  din,    noise,    d.    sg, 

gefara,  m.  wk.,  companion,  792. 

gefea,  m.,joy,  d.  sg.  41 5. 

gefeon,  v,  contr.,  delight,  re- 
joice, pret.  3  sg.  645. 

geferan,  wi,  endure,  suffer, 
pret,  ptc.  37"^. 


gefeterian,   W2,  fetter,  chain, 

pret,  ptc,  52'*. 
gefrsige,  adj.,  knonjjn,  manifest, 

93^- 
gefrignan,    iii,    hear  of,   pret. 

I  sg.  45S  472,  48',  671. 
gefyllan,  wi,  fill,   pres.    3  sg. 

i4«,  66«5  pret.  3  sg.  447. 
gegnpseS,   m.,  hostile  nvay,   d. 

sg.   1526. 
gehabban,  W3,  hold  firm,  16^°. 
gehaelan,  wi,  heal,   cure,  pret. 

3  sg    5'^  ;  imptve.  48^. 
gehleSa,  m.  wk.,  companion,  a. 

pi.  9127. 
gehrefan,  wi,  roof  co^ver,  pret. 

ptc.   I  10. 
gehw^a,  pron.,  ^/ar//  o;z^,   e'uery 

one,  d.    sg,    11^5  w.   g.    2^2^ 

32'2,  3313,  549,  606,  816. 
gehwylc,  pron.,  each,  w.  g.  pi. 

7165  g.  sg,   135,  4o36j  d.  pi. 

4^«,  82'S  9313. 
gel  sedan,  wi,  lead,  bring,  1520. 
gelic,  adj.,  like,  n.  pi,  51 7. 
gelicnes,  f.,  likeness,   36^. 
gelome,  zdv.,  frequently,  31". 
gemadan,   wi,   madden,   pret. 

ptc.  n.  pi.  gem§edde,  11^. 
gemaenan,    wi,    speak,     utter, 

pres.   I  sg.  24^. 
gemaene,  adj.,  common,  71^. 
gemanian,  W2,   admonish,   re- 
mind, pret.  ptc.  3^^. 


^lo9?fifar^ 


149 


gemet,   n.,  measure^  fitness^  d. 

sg.   5o7. 
gemittan,  wi,  meet,  pres,  3  pi. 

gemong,   n.,  society ,    company, 

d.  sg,  31-^,  ". 
gemot,  n.,  meeting,   g.  sg.  5'°, 

25'°, 
gemunan,  prp.,  pres.  i  sg,  82^} 

3  pi.   17". 
gemynd,  n.,  mind,  memory,  a. 

sg-  59^ 
gen,   geno,  gena,  gien,    adv., 
yet,    still,     2o29,     4o5S,    ^^8  . 
"Sagen,  any  longer,  92, 
(2)  hitherto,  20^5. 
genaegan,  wi,  approach,  assail, 

pres,   3  sg.  20'9. 
genaestan,   wi,    contend,    pres, 

3    sg.    2  7'o. 

geneahhe,  adv.,  enough. 

(2)  abundantly,  frequently, 

82,  1 2 12,  26^,  3 1 10. 
genearwian,     \v2,      constrain, 

confine,  pres,  3  sg.  3^ 
genergan,  wi,  sa^e,  15 '9, 
geniman,  iv,  take,   hold,   pret. 

3  sg.  53'^  (y^^^  z«/o),  ptc.  n. 

pi.  523. 
geniwian,    W2,    reneiv,     pret, 

ptc.  13^ 
geno,  V.  gen. 
geoc,  f.,  help,  health,  55. 
geofum,  8336,  V.  gifu. 


geoguScnosl,  rv.,  young  family, 

d.  sg.  i5'o 
geoguSmyru,    f,    gladness    of 

youth,  g.  sg.   382. 
geolo,  adj.,  yello^w,  a.  sg.  neut. 

3  5'°' 

geond,  prep.,  w.  a.,  through, 
throughout,  all  o-ver,  i^,  13 '3, 
2  6«,  345,  3 9 '7,  82%  8340, 
87-. 

geong,  adj.,  jvo««^,  142,  40'^^, 
8  7«;  f.  73'  ;  comp.  gingra, 
91'^  ;  n.  pi.  8720. 

geongan,  v.  gongan. 

geopan,  11,  take  into  oneself, 
sivalloiv,  pret.   i  sg.  239. 

georn,  adj.,  eager,  w.  g.  31 16. 

georne,  adv.,  eagerly,  zeal- 
ously, 42. 

gersecan,  wi,  reach,  arri've, 
pres.  I  sg.   1527-  3  sg.  358. 

geren,    n.,     ornament,    n.    pi. 

26'5. 

gereord,   n.,   speech,   njoice,   d. 

pi.    I4'6. 
gerum,   n.,    space,    on    gerum, 

into  space,  at  large,  10^^. 
geruma,  m.  wk.,  place,  station, 

'd,  sg.  1 5 '6. 
geryde,  adj.,  ready,  convenient, 

6316. 
geryhte,  n.,  direction,  straight 

direction,    a,    pi.  on  geryhtu, 

straight,  355. 


150 


Moa^nxi^ 


geryman,  wi,  clear,  open  out, 

pres.   I  sg.  62"*. 
gesselig,  adj.,  happy,  40^'*, 
gesceaft,  f  n.,  creature,  n.  pi. 

342  ;  g.    40««. 

(2)  condition  of  life,  nature, 

a.  sg.  338. 
gesceap,n.,  creature,  fate,  na- 
ture, a,  sg.  38^  (see  note);  d. 

72^  j  n.  pi,   io7,  3924  5  a.  69'^. 
gesceppan,  vi,  make,  fashion, 

create,  pret.  3   sg.  236,  8 7 '7. 
gescyldre,  f.   pi.   shoulders,   d. 

40103,   6^4^ 
gesecan,  wi,  j^^^,  <visit,   395, 

59x5. 
gesecgan,  w3,  j^;;,  4'S  39^^} 

pret.    3   sg,    3  85;   infl.    infin. 

3612,  3925. 
geselda,  m.  wk.,  comrade,  79^. 
geseon,  v.  contr.,  see,   pret.    i 

sg.   29S  34S    36',    37S    38S 

56',  'o,  67'6,  68S  74S  75'. 
gesettan,    wi,    /^/,     establish, 

pret,  3  sg.  6'. 
gesibb,  a.d}.,  akin,  related,  a.  pi. 

m.  1522  5  g.  2622. 
gesihS,  f.,  /;^/;/,  a.  sg.  599. 
gesiS,    m,,    companion,   n.    pi. 

3o5. 
gesom,  adj.,  united,  n.  pi.  8729. 
gest,  V.  gaest. 
gestillan,  wi,  set  at  rest,  quiet, 

pres.  3  sg.  335. 


gestreon,  n.,  nvealth,  posseS' 
sions,  g.  pi.  20^',  28^. 

gestun,  n.,  noise,  commotiony 
njuhirlnvind,  d.  sg.   356. 

gesund,  adj.,  sound,  safe,  sane, 
n.  pi.  43*^,  2221  ;  comp.  n.  pi. 

26'9. 

gesweostor,  f   pi.,   sisters,   n. 

pi.  463. 
gesweotolian,  w2,  shonv,   de- 
clare, pret.  ptc,  8323. 
geswican,   i,  lea^e   off,  desist, 

w.  g.  pres.  3  sg.  27'2;   3  pi. 

1 1 10. 
gesyne,  adj.,   ^visible,   enjident, 

manifest,  393,  n.  pi.  134. 
getsese,   adj.,     mild,    soothing, 

n.  sg.  f.  8327. 
getenge,  adj.,  near  to,  resting 

upon,  w.  d.  78,  io4,  525,  569, 

8325  5    a.    sg.  f.    762  ;  a.   pi. 

neut.  63. 
getreowe,  Zid].,  faithful,  g.  pi. 

2623. 
geSencan,    wi,     reflect    upon. 


infl.  infin. 


41^ 


geSeon,  wi,  oppress,  tame,  sub- 
due, 4o9^ 

geSraec,  n., press,  tumult,  crash, 
njiolence,  22^;  a.  sg.  22,  36'  ; 
a.  pi.   356. 

geSring,  n.,  press,  tumult,  3^7. 

geSringan,  in,  sivell,  pret,  ptc. 
a.  sg.  f.  862. 


^los^^ar^ 


151 


geSuren,  v.  Sweran. 

geSwaere,  adj.,  harmonious^ 
oh edienty  gentle y  2 '5,  50^. 

geSywan,  wi,  fashiony  pressy 
pret.  3  pi.  ge^ydan,  60''*. 

gewade,  gewede,  n.,  gar- 
menty  a.  sg.  35'^    ^"^  j   d.    pi. 

geweald,  n.   f.,  ponver^  a.  sg. 

271+  J  d.   316. 
geweaxan,  rd.,  groTVy  pret.   3 

sg.   796. 
gewendan,  wi,  turn,  change. 

(2)  go,  873^. 
geweorSan,  in,   become,  ^o^'^. 
gewin(n),  n.,  battle,   strife,  g. 

16'*  j  on  gewin,yor  strife,  20', 

232. 
gewit,  n.,  njoit,  understanding, 

a.  sg.  3  9 '3. 
geTvitaiijprp.,  kno^w,  pret.  3  sg. 

29'1 

gewitan,  i, depart,  go  forth,  freq. 
constr.  with  another  verb  of 
motion,  feran,  tredan,  secan, 
etc.,  in  infin.;  sometimes  also 
w.  refl.  pron.  (29'°)  }  pres.  i 
sg.  2',  360,  i62  ;  3  sg.  396  ; 
pret.  3  sg.  2  9'o,  »3,  91^  j  3 
pi.  13". 

ge"writ,  n.,  auriting,  book,  n.  pi. 

39',  '^• 
gewunian,    w2,    dzvell,    pret. 
I  sg.  6o2. 


gied,   n.,  song,   a.   sg.  473  ;   g. 

55'4;  d.  79'o. 
giefan,    v,    gi^ve,   pres.    3    sg. 

4o'9  ;     pret.     3    sg.    20^   ^i, 

87". 
gieldan,    iii,  pay,    pres.    3    sg. 

32". 
giellan,  in, yell,  scream,  pres.  i 

sg.  243  ;  pres.  ptc.  32'*. 
gielpan,  111,   boast  of,  glory  in, 

w.  d.  pres.  3  sg.  5  8 '2. 
gien,  V.  gen. 

gierwan,    gyrwan,    wi,   pre- 
pare, adorn,  pres.  3  sg.  20^  5 

pret.    3   sg.    26'3-   pret.    ptc. 

202,  28',  293,  362,  6717,  682, 

?7i'6. 
giest,  V.  gaest. 
giestron,  didx., yesterday,  40H 
gif,  conj.,  if,  329,54^  123,  etc. 
gifen,  n.,  the  sea,  z^. 
gifre,    adj.,     useful,     salutary, 

262^  ;  d.  pi.  493. 
gifre,   adj.,  greedy,   'voracious, 

sup.  adv.  8329. 
gifu,  geofu,  ^.,gift,  d.  pi.  5 8 '3  J 

geofum,  8336. 
gimm,  m.,  gem,  jeivel,  d.   pi. 

8336. 
gingra,  v.  geong. 
gitsian,  vv2,  desire,  cranje  for, 

w.  g.  pres.  3  sg.   58". 
glaed,  adj.,  glad,   happy,    633  j 

f.  247. 


152 


^lo00ar^ 


gleaw,    adj.,     denser,     skilledy 

avise,  'i^^'^y  35'^j  83^^  ;  n.  pi. 

48';  a.  592;comp.  n.  sg.  476. 
gled,  f.,  glede,  fire,  30^*. 
gleowstol,  m.,  seat   of  joy,  a. 

sg.  91^3. 
glida,  m.  wk.,  kite,  g.  sg.    24^. 
gliwian,    wi,    delight,    adorn, 

w.  d.  pret.  3  pi.  261^. 
God,  m,,  God,  4021  ;  a.  sg.  59'*  ; 

g.  59'5.  d.  488. 
god,  good,  adj.,  good,  791°  ;  a. 

sg.    m.  443  ;   n.   pi.  m.  5411  ; 

g.  26". 
g5d,  n.,  good,  'well-being,  a.  pi. 

_93^- 
godlic,  adj.,^00^/)',  86^. 
godwebb,    n.,    precious    nveb, 

a.  3  5'o. 
gold,  n.,gold,  90'*;  a.  sg.  20^, 

5 1 7,  553,   706}   g.    40^6,  486, 

59'0;  d.  142,  26^3^   496,  633, 

67-7. 
goldhilted,  adj.,  golden-hilted, 

55^'- 
goma,    m.  wk.,  palate,  gums, 

d.  sg.  40^8 ;  a.  pi.  49^. 
gong,  m.,  course,  movement,  d. 

sg.   4o72. 

gongan,    geongan,    gangan, 

rd.,  go,  ivalk,  3i«,  54',  85-  ; 


pres.  I    sg. 


3   sg.    34^ 


3923  5    pres.    opt.  3  sg.   3  6 '3  5 
pres.  ptc.  d.  sg.  f.  21 9. 


gop,  m.  {&ir.  X67.),  sla've  (?),  g. 

sg.  493. 
gor,  n.,  dirt,  dung,  g.  sg.  4072. 
g5s,  f.,  goose,  243. 
graedan,  rd.,  cry,  243. 
gradig,  ^.d]., greedy,  a.  sg.  382  j 

sup.  adv.  8329. 
graes,  n.,  grass,  a.  sg.  156. 
grafan,  vi,  dig,  pres.  i  sg.  212  j 

pret.  3  sg.  336,  9i'o. 
grapian,  W2,  take  hold  of,  snatch 

at,  pret.  3  sg.  453. 
great,  adj.,  stout,  thick,  .?8i2. 
grene,  adj.,   green,    zi^ ;    wk. 

40^1,  83  .   a.    sg.    neut.    156  j 

n.  pL  665  .  a.  122, 
greot,   xn.,  ground,  dust,  earth, 

d.  sg.,  32I 
gretan,  \wi,  approach,  'visit,  46, 

44^  ?885. 
grim,  grym,  adj.,  grim,  cruel, 

dreadful,    wk.    432  ;    a.    sg. 

wk.   330  ;  sup.  d.  (i.)  sg.  wk. 

283. 

grima,  m.    wk.,  phantom,  spec- 
tre, 40 '7. 
grimman,  in,  rage,  roar,  pres. 

3    sg.    25. 

grimme,  adv.   cruelly,  fiercely, 

5o9,   833. 
grindan,  in,  grind,  32'*. 
gripan,  i,  seize,    take  hold  of 

pres.  3  sg.  257  }    pret,   3   sg. 

(witho«),  861 


^lofi^fifar^ 


153 


gripe,    m.,  grip,  grasp,  d.  sg. 

70^. 
grom,  adj.,  angry,  hostile,  cruel, 

n.    pi.    72^  ;  g.    20'9. 

gromheort,  adj.,  cruel-hearted, 

d.  sg.  46. 
growan,  rd.,  groiv,  34^. 
grund,  m.,  ground,  a.    sg.    2^, 

4093  .    d.    2l2,     22'5,     83^  }     d. 

pi.  665. 
grundbedd,  n.,  ground,  a.   sg. 
83^9. 

grym,  v.  grim. 

grymetian,    wz,    rage,     roar, 

pres.  3  sg.  83^. 
gryrelic,  ad].,  horrible,  33^. 
guma,    m.    wk.,    man,    n.    pi. 

32'^  487,  633  -g.   23'0,  283, 

826. 
gumcynn,  n.,  mankind,   g.  sg. 

8720. 
gumrinc,  m.,  man,  86'*. 
gu3,    f.,    njuar,    battle,    a.    sg. 

2025  •   d.    20'9. 

guSfugol,  m.,  nxjar-bird,  g.  sg. 

245. 
guSgemot,    n.,    battle-meeting, 

g.  sg.   1526. 
guSgewinn,    n.,   battle,    nvar- 

Itke  contest,  g.  sg.  5^. 
guSwiga,  m.  wk.,  ivarrior,  g. 

sg.  90^. 
gylden,  adj.,  golden,   a.  sg.  m. 

59'- 


gyman,  wi,  heed,  w.   g.  pres. 

I    sg.    2o35. 

gyrdan,    wi,    gird,     encircle, 

pret.  ptc.  89'*. 
gyrdels,  m.,  girdle,  a.  sg.  54-* ; 

d.  54''. 
gyrn,  m.,  sorroiv,    15^}   d.  sg. 

826. 
gyrwan,  v.  gierwan. 


habban,  W3,   ha've,   hold,    36S, 


pres. 


sg.    1", 


182,  218,  796,  8oS82'S9i"5j 
liafu,    II 2,    355,    40985  3  sg. 

3121,      342,      393^      .oetc.^      ^^3, 

587,  653,678,693,  832  J  3  pi. 
262t,  3iiS^  5511  J  pret.  i  sg. 
106,  265,  7112^  735  5  3sg.  911, 

19s  31^  3^^  36^^  37^  72^^ 

853,    86^;    3    pi.     133,    223} 

pres.  ptc.  g.  sg    643. 

w.  neg.    pref,    pret.    3    sg. 

nasfde,  325. 
had,  m.,  person,  form,  a.  pi.  i'2. 
haeft,  n.,  bondage,  capti<vity,  d. 

sg.  7222. 
haeftan,  wi,   imprison,   confine, 

pret.  ptc.  42. 
haeftnyd,    f.,    imprisonment,   a. 

sg.    829. 

haegl,  haegel,  m.,  hail,  8o9. 
(2)  the  rune  H,  n.  pi.  42". 


154 


^lo00ar]? 


haBgstealdmon,v..hagosteald- 

mon. 
Hiilend,  m.,  the  Swvioury  a.  sg. 

596. 
haeleS,  m.,  man,  hero,  nvarriory 

26'2,  626;  n.  pi.  haslelS,  27^, 

55'>  56"  }g-  IS  3^  7\  2o3i, 

4o96j  d.    gio^  2628,    3512^   481^ 
59.8,    696,    83",   35,    53. 

haelo,  f.,  ivelfarey  sal<vationy 
a.  sg.  48^. 

haemed,  n.,  marriagey  inter- 
course y  a.  sg.  2028. 

haemedlac,    n.,   intercoursey  g. 

Jg.    423. 

haer,  n.,  v.  her. 

haetsan,  wi,  dri<vey  urge,  pres. 
3  sg.  35. 

hafoc,  m.,  haivky  243,  40^7, 

hafu,  see  habban. 

hagosteald,  n.,  celihacyy  bach- 
elorhood y  d.   sg.   2o3i. 

hagostealdmon,  hsegsteald- 
mon,  m.,  d^weller  in  the 
homesteady     bachelory    youthy 

I4S  54^- 
halig,  adj.,  holjy  2628. 
hals,  heals,   m.,   necky   throaty 

15s    d.  sg.  3121,   7i'2. 
halsrefeSer,   f.,   donvny  d.   sg. 

4080. 
halswriSa,  m.  wk.,  neck-band, 

a.  sg.  44. 
ham,  m.,  homey  d.  sg.  to  ("Sam) 


ham,  homenvardSy  29"*,  9,  344. 
set  ham,  at  homey  43^,  775. 

hamleas,  adj.,  homeless y  39'^. 

hangelle,  f.  wk.  (air.  X€7.)>  hang' 
ing  thingy  g.  sg.  446. 

har,  adj.,  hoary  grey,  2i3  ;  wk. 
4o74,  9i.r. 

hasofag,  adj.,  tanvnjy  v.  hasu, 
11^. 

hasu,  heasu,  adj.,  golden-grey y 
ta^wnyy  originally  the  colour 
of  a  wolf  or  eagle,  a.  sg.  wk. 
2445  n.  pi.  m.  haswe,  i^j  a.  f. 
1 3^  J  for  heasewe,  40^'.  See 
note.  [Dietrich :  ^^ful'vo- 
cinereus'"''  'y  "  wol  urspriing- 
lich  wolfgrau,  und  adlergrau, 
jene  gemischte  Farbe  von 
goldgelb  und  grau  :  bald 
iiberwiegt  der  Gedanke  an 
das  Goldgelbe  (vgl.  blond), 
bald  das  Grau  der  Mischung. " 
Traut.  2  :  <<Ich  kann  nach 
allem  nur  glauben,  dass  hasu 
*  glanzend  '  und  *  schim- 
mernd '  bedeute."] 

hat,  adj.,  hoty  wk,  433  ;  a.  sg, 
m.  62^,  comp.  40^7. 

hatan,  rd.,  commandy  pres.  3 
sg.  6^,  4o38  5  pret.  3  sg.  het, 
8  9'°  j  heht,  40^;  pret.  ptc. 
6i4. 

(2)  cally  namey  35'^;  pret. 
ptc.  249  J  n.  pi.  42 '7. 


^Io0fi:ar^ 


155 


(3)  be  called,  named,  pres. 
I  sg.  hatte,  I '5,  372^  gs^  I  oil, 
etc. 
he,  heo  (hio),  hit,  pron.  he,  she, 
tt,  331,  i5'4,  271.,  12,  etc.  } 
f.  9",  'S  2o33,  257,  3113,  .4, 
'^  ^',  34^  ^  367,  386,  395, 
7etc.^  4026,  28,  5^9  (hie),  6iS 
67^  682,  795^  8327^  866,  7j  a. 


sg.  m.  32 


50,  2312,  50= 


5  3^f-54S58^neut.  3  7^39^, 
40^7  J  g.  sg.  m.  1 5 '5,  352,  374^ 


40'^ 


439,444,6,46s  53^ 


54^  ^55'^  694,   729;   f.  96, 

2o34,    316,    i3,     338,    3923,    566, 

586,    69';   d.    m.   354,  46,  64, 

I5'^37^38^43^49^^50^ 
82«,  846,  8730,  8  87,  91,3  .  f. 
321,  2o33,  3117,  343,  54,  5, 10  J 
pi.    n.    68,    116,  10,  136,    1 65, 

20'2,    226,    i9,    2619,    3o7,    436, 

'2,  53'oja.  262S,  576  J  g.  69, 
132,  5,  2^9,  ,8,  21,  5,623,  463, 
48 


\  5  2^ 

i  d. 

'5", 

i68, 

43^ 

5o5,  6, 

«,  51 

6, 

reflex. 

a.   sg 

m. 

55'^ 

s  d. 

3",  19^  37«}f.  29^'°,  31"' i 
d.  pi.  3 1 '5. 
heafod,  n.,  head,  15',  61^,  89' ; 
a.  sg.  258,  587,  653,  8025  g. 

5  39  J    d.    2 1 '2,  4o98,  102,  446. 

a.  pi.  367  ;g.  854. 
heafodbeorht,  bright-headed,  a. 
sg.  m.   192. 


heafodleas,  adj.,  headless,  i4«o. 

heafodw66,  f. ,  head-tone,  'voice, 
d.  sg.  83. 

hSah,  adj.,  high,  369,  ii9  (the 
High  One),  254,  696,  8728, 
9i3  ;  f.  wk.  74  ;  neut.  327,  63  . 
a.  sg.  m.  8o2  J  wk.  4022  j  d. 
heaum,  22i9  j  n.  pi.  m.  227  j 
wk.  42^7 ;,  a.  324  J  d.  1 10,  comp. 


,38 


92= 


sup.  hyhst,  83^2. 
heahcraeft,  m.,  high  art,  a.  sg. 

35^. 
heahcyning,    m.,    high    king, 

4o38. 

healdan,  rd.,  hold,  maintain, 
keep,  pres.  i  sg.  84 ;  3  sg. 
20^3,  402,  5,  22  .  pres.  opt.  I 
sg.  4o37;  pret.  3  sg.  9^,  42^4. 

healdend,  m.,  holder,  possessor, 

d.    sg.    2023. 

healf,  f.,  side,  d.  sg.  21 9,  8728. 
heall,  f.,  hall,   a.  sg.   551  j  d. 

55^^  59S  '^• 
heals,  V.  hals. 
hean,  adj.,  abject,  mean, poor,  n. 

pi.  32^3  ;  d.  932,  comp.  399. 
heap,  m.  n.,  heap,  croivd,  flock, 

d.  pi.  574. 
heard,   adj.,   hard,    1410,   26^, 

337,     443,      621,      798,      9ii7j 

wk.  4oS4,  559,  8o9;  a.  sg. 
neut.  8o4  j  d.  sg.  89^  j  wk. 
4o79}   n.    pi.    8  7^3  J   a.    522, 


156 


^lo0sfar^ 


comp.  n.  sg.  40^"^,  78,  8335  J 

sup.  i.  wk.  282. 
hearde,  adv.,  senjerely^    sorely ^ 

l\  895. 
heardecg,  adj.,  hard-edgedy  n. 

pi.  neut.  58. 
heasu,  v.  hasu. 
heaSoglem,  m.,  battle-nvoundf 

g.  pi.  563. 
heaSor,  m.,  restraint,   confine- 

mentf  d.  sg.  zo'^^  65^. 
heaSosigel,  m.,  surty  7219. 
hebban,  vi,  raise,  452 ;  pres.  3 

sg.   hefcS,   445 ;   pret.    3   sg. 

hof,   543. 
hefig,  adj.,  hea^vy,    a.    sg.    m. 

587,  comp.  407-*. 
hell,  f.,  helly  the  nether  ivorld, 

a.  sg.  66^}  d.  3920. 
helm,  m.,  co<veringy  protectiony 

8  7 16,  a.  sg.  364. 

(2)  protectiony  soever eigny  a. 

sg.  26^7^ 
helpend,  m.,   helper.   Saviour, 

49S. 
helwaru,   f.,   d^ueller  in    helly 

g-  pl-  55^- 
hengest,  m.,  horsey  221I 
heofon,    m.,   heanjeny   the  shfy 

922,    a.    sg.    4022  ;    g.    40^   33, 

865  i  d.  4o38;  a.  pi.  666;  d. 

2  912,    3920. 

heofonwolcn,     n.,     cloud     of 
hea'veny  n.  pi.  722. 


heolfor,  n.,  gorey  9117. 
heord,  f.,  herdyjiocky  g.  sg.  17*. 
heoroscearp,      adj.,      terribly 

sharpy  n.  pi.  neut.  58. 
heorte,  f.  yf\^., heart,  d.  sg  42''*} 

d.  pi.  2620. 
heorugrim,    adj.,    wery  fiera, 

wk.  40^5, 
her,    adv.,    here,    4o32,   49,   61^ 

77«S  41^49%  8723;  her.  .. 

aer,     heretoforey     before    this, 

49 'o^ 
her,  haer,  n.,  hairy  n.  pi.  153  j 

d.  26^,  35! 
heran,  v.  hyran. 
here,  m.,  army,  g.   sg.   herges, 

798. 
heresiS,  m.,  ivar-march,  cam- 
paign, d.  sg.  293. 
hest,  f. ,  'violencey  furyy   a.   sg. 

1528. 
hetegrim,    adj.,    fierce     nvith 

hatred y  335, 
heterun,  f.,  charm  of  mischief, 

a.  pi.  337. 
hie,  she,  54^,  v.  he. 
higora,   m.  wk.,  magpie,  runes 

of,  24. 
hild,  f.,  battle,  g.   sg.    33^;  d. 

14^. 
hildegiest,  m.,   enemy,   d.   sg. 

5  3^. 
hildepil,   hyldepil,    m.,     dart, 
javelin,  n.   pi.  17^}  d.  1528. 


^loflffifar^ 


157 


hildeSryS,  f.,  strength  in  ivar, 

a.  sg._i9l 
hildewaepen,  n. ,  battle-nveapon, 

90^. 
hindan,  a.dv.yfrom  behind^  be- 
hind^ SS"*,    895  J   on    hindan, 

37'- 
hindeweard,  adj.,   hinder y   be- 

hindy  d.  f.  2 1 '5. 
hingong,    m.,    hence-going^    g. 

sg.    62'.    [Ingong,  I  readg. 

of  MS. ,  means  entree,] 
his,  V.  he. 
hiSan,    wi.    plunder y    ra-uagey 

pres.  3  sg.  34'*  j  pres.  ptc.  n. 

sg-  33^  91^^;  g-  pi-  93^- 
hladan,  vi,  loady  heap  «/>,  pres. 

I   sg.   3^^  ;  pret.    3   pi.  22'°  j 

pret.  ptc.  832'. 
hlader,  f.,  ladder y  a.  sg.  55*. 
hiaest,  n.,  burdeny  a.  pi.  I'S. 
hlaford,   m.,  lordy    mastery   4"*, 

2i3,  iS,  8995  g.  sg.  58'3;  d. 

439,  56". 
hlafordleas,     adj.,    n.vithout   a 

mastery  20^2. 
hleahtor,  m.,  laughter y  333. 
hleo,   n.,  co'very   shelter y  a.  sg. 

275. 
hleobord,  n.,  protecting  boardy 

d.  pi.  26'2. 
hleor,  n.,  cheeky  d.  pi.  15'*. 
hleortorht,  adj.,    ivith    bright 

cheeks y  69"^. 


hleosceorp,  protecting  garmenty 

d.  sg.  95. 
hleoSor,  n.,  soundy  njoicey  songy 

3 1 '7  5  a.  sg.  24SJ  d.  %\  x^\ 
hlifian,  W2,  toivery  stand  erect, 

53' 5  pres.  3  pi.  15I 
hlimman,  111,  soundy  roar,  pres. 

3  sg.  25,  356. 
hlin,  m.,  mapUy  55^. 
hlin,  m.,  noisey  1^. 
hlinc,  m.,  hilly  a.  pi.  32'*. 
hlinsian,  W2,    soundy    resound, 

pret.  3  sg.  333. 
hliS,  n.,  slopey  hill,  cliffy  a.  pi. 

hleo-Sa,  27  5  hli*5o,  91 7. 
hloSgecrod,  n.,  press  of  troops, 

3^3. 
hlud,  adj.,  loudy  noisy,  32**,  84'  j 

sup.  340. 
hlude,  adv.,  loudly y  2^,  362,  77, 

83,   io,   333,  482,  5^4. 
hluttor,  adj.,  deary  brighty  a.  sg. 

m.  2o7, 
hnecca,  m.   wk.,   necky  a.    sg. 

Sol 
hnesc,  adj. ,  tender,  soft,  delicate, 

comp.  40^0. 
hnigan,  i,  bend,  incline y  descend, 

pres.  I  sg.  3^3  .   pj-gg.   ptc.  n. 

pi.  m,  8«. 
hnitan,  i,  strike y  touch,  89I 
hnossian,  W2,  beaty  strike,  pres. 

3  Pl-  57- 
hol,  n.,  hole,  a.  sg.  44^  5  d.  627. 


158 


^losfsfarp 


hold,  adj.,  kind, gracious,  faith- 
ful, g^  ;  d.sg.  6i4. 

holdlice,  zdv. ,  graciously,  faith- 
ful ly,  sedulously,  34^^. 

holen,  m.,  holly,  55'°. 

holm,  m.,  the  sea,  ivater,  a.  sg. 
369;  d.  1 10. 

holmmaegen,  n.,  ocean,  d.   sg. 

29. 
holt,  n.,  forest,  nvood,  g.  sg.ai^ ; 

d.   90'  ;  n.  pi.  87'5. 
(2)  log  or  ^^i2/«,  a.  sg.  56^. 
homer,  m.,  hammer,  d.  sg.  89' ; 

hond,  f.,  hand,  6012 ;  a.  sg. 
1212,  493,  794;    g.  pi.    8555 

d.  30^  45^  54^- 
hondweorc,  n.,  hand-nvork,  a. 

sg.  2o7  5  n.  pi.  5*^. 
hondwyrm,      m.,    handivorm, 

a  worm  that  attacks  the  hand, 

4o96,  662. 
hongian,  W2,  hang,  pres.  i  sg. 

hongige,  14''  ;    3    sg.     21", 

44' 5  pret.  3  pi.  13^ 
hSpgehnast,    n.,    dashing    of 

tua'vesy  g.  sg.  3^7. 
hord,  n.,  treasure,  a.   sg.  3121, 

5311,9126 J  g.  899,  g.  pi.  Il9j 

d.  8322,  ?8352. 
hordgeat,  n.,  door  of  the  treas- 
ure-room,   g.   sg.    hordgates, 

4211. 
horn,  n.,  horn,  d.  pi.  292. 


hornssel,  n.,  gabled  hall,  or  a 
hall  nvith  horns  on  its  gable 
(see   8723),    n.    pi.    hornsalu, 

hors,  n.,  horse,  36^ ;  g.  sg.  36'°^ 

a   pi,  2210. 
horse,       adj.,        ready-twitted, 

clever,  i^ 
hraed,  hraeS,  adj. ,  stvift,  acti've, 

53"  j  comp.  hraedra,  40^2. 
hraegl,  n.,  dress,   7',  ii^,  139; 

a.  sg.  44^  544  ;  d.  io7,  454, 

626. 
hreddan,    wi,    sa've,     rescue, 

i4'«. 
hreoh,  adj.,  rough,  avild,  832. 
hreoSan,  11,  adorn,   pret.   ptc. 

gehroden,  8322. 
hreran,  wi,   mo^ue,    stir,   pres. 

I    sg.    18;    hreru,  38;   3    sg. 

8o7  ;  pres.  opt.  pi.  ?835i. 
hreSe,    adj.,    fierce,     zealous, 

comp.  40^^ 
hreSer,    m.,  breast,  d.  sg,  6iS, 

9117. 
hrif,  f. ,   stomach,  ivomb,  a,  sg. 

40^*5  5  d.  176,  2 3 12,  ?8  35r. 
hrim,    m.,    rime,  frost,    40^5, 

8o9. 
hrimigheard,  adj. ,  hard-frozen, 

a.  pi.  m.  91 ". 
hrinan,  i,   touch,  reach,  w.   d. 

pres.    I    sg.    6^,    66^  j    hrino, 

152s  ;  3  sg.  83^6.  pret.  I  sg. 


^Io0s?arv 


159 


39'°,  3   sg.  3920 }  w.  a.  pres. 
3  sg.  23'2. 
hrindan,  in,  push,  fresSy   pret. 

I  3  sg.   54'^- 

I     hring,   xw.^ring,   48^,    596;   a. 

I         48',  59'  5   g-  59'^  d.  9o5,  a. 

pi.  20-^  J   d.    70^,  89^  }  hrin- 

gan,  42. 
hrisil,  m.,  shuttUy  357. 
I    hr5f,  m.,  rooj\  a.  sg.  29^,  52^  ; 


g.  275  ;  d.   pi. 


(2)  sum- 


\         mity  a.  sg.  1527. 
:     hror,  adj.,  lusty ,  ^vigorous,  54^. 
hrung,    f. ,    rung    (of  a    cart), 
perh.  the  pole  supporting  the 
cover,  a.  sg.  22'°. 
hruse,  f.  wk.,  earth,  36,  722  ;  a. 


sg.   2^ 


27"  ;    d.    40^ 


8335,  ?8346. 
hrutan,    11,     resound,     nvhirr, 

pres.  ptc.  35^. 
hrycg,    m.,   back,    a.    sg.     3^5, 

21",    8o4,    855;    d.    I'2,    36, 

194,  2711,  365;  d.  pi.  333. 
hu,    adv.,  ^oac,  i'^,    176^    3ii9^ 

36'3,  39^3,    4z.6^  5917^    6o'2, 

838,55. 
hund,num.,  hundred,  w.  g.  85^*. 
hund,    m.,    .%,    242,-     g.   sg. 

36'o. 
hungor,  m.,  hunger,  433. 
hunig,  n.,  honey,  d.  sg.  4o59. 
hu5,  i.,  plunder,  a.  sg.  292,  ^,  9. 
hwa,   hwaet,     interrog.    pron.. 


luho?  nvhat  F  1^,  ^^,  z^^,  ^^^, 

73^  74^  827;neut.   372,  gS^  10", 

199,   2316,    28.3,    3124^    3514, 

367,  4i9,  6i9,  6315. 
hwael,  m.,  nvhale,  40^2. 
hwaelmere,  m.,'-^  -whalemere,"" 

the  sea,  z^. 
hwser,  adv.,  ^where,  8726. 
hwaet,     adj.,     •vigorous,     bold, 

comp.  n.  pi.  2620. 
hwaeSre,  conj.,  houuever,  ne-v- 

ertheless,  3 ^^  22 '7,  318^  9^  1 7^ 

3  9 '8,  548,    585  ;     hw£e"5re  se 

"Seah,  nevertheless,  35". 
h'wearft,  m.,  circuit,   expanse. 


d. 


sg.  40^ 


hweorfan,  iii,  turn,  change, 
move,  pres.  3  sg.  4o5  j  3  pi. 
43 '2  ;  pres.  ptc.   563. 

(2)   roam,  2022,  323,  399. 

hwettan,  wi,  vohet,  urge,  ex- 
cite, pres.  I  sg.  1 1.3 

hwil,  f. ,  a  vohile,  space  of  time, 
a.  sg.  2  89. 

d.  pi.  advbl.  hwilum,  some- 
times, 2',  3',  '7j  etc. 

h'wit,  adj.,  nvhite,  15'  ;  n.  pi. 
f.  lo^  ;  a.  pi.  m.  4o98. 

hwitloc,  hwitlocced,  adj., 
ivhite-locked,  fair-haired, 
423  .   n.  sg.  f.  79I  ^ 

hwonne,  adv.  w.  subjve.,  until, 
15'°;  hwonne  ier,  hoiv  soon, 
•TV hen,  3 1 '2. 


i6o 


^losf^ar^ 


hwylc,  pron.  interrog.,  njohich  ? 
njoho?  w.  g.  pi.  i^ 

(2)  indef.  anyone,  w.  g.  pi. 
20i9,  67^9  ;  =siquis,  42". 

hwylc  senig,  any,  d.  sg.  231°. 

hwyrfan,  wi,  turny  mo^e  about, 
pres.  3  sg.  hwyrfcS,  12 '2. 

hwyrftweg,  m.,  ^way  back,  es- 
cape, g.  sg.  36. 

hycgan,    W3,    think,  meditate, 
infl.  infin.  2812,  3123, 

hyd,  f.,  hide,  skin,  a.   sg.  76^  ; 
d.  26". 

hygebliSe,  blithe  of  heart,  comp. 
n.  pi.  wk.  2620. 

hygecraeftig,  adj.,  njuise,  saga- 
cious, 1 1. 

hygefaest,  adj.,  ivise,  a.  pi.  m. 
42 14. 

hygegal,     adj.,     light-minded, 
njoanton,  a.  sg.  f   wk.  12^2. 

hygeSonc,   m.,  thought,  d.  pi. 

hygewlonc,  zj^y, proud-minded, 

f.  454  J  a.  sg.  m.  192. 
hyhst,  V.  heah, 
hyht,  m.,  hope,  joy,  64^,  93^  ; 

d.  sg.  251. 
hyhtlic,   adj.,  joyful,   n.,   90^  j 

a.  sg.  n.  35'^. 
hyhtplega,  m.   wk.,  sport,  g. 

sg.  2028. 
hyldepil,  v.  hildepil. 
hyll,  m.,  hill,  g.  sg.  1527. 


hyran,  heran,  wi,  hear. 

(2)    obey,    w.   d.,    3^4,    42, 
2315  J  pres.  I  sg.  2  ©24  J   3  sg. 

43^  5o5,  58'^. 
hyrde,  m.,    keeper,    herdsman, 

a.  sg.  899  J  d.  7 1 10. 
hyred,  m.,  congregation,   d.  sg. 

hyrra,  v.  heah. 

hyrst,  m.,  hurst,  coppice,  ivood, 

d.  pi.  4061. 
hyrst,  f.,  ornaments,  trappings , 

n.    pi.    7%  108,  III  J  d.  1411, 

3120,  537,  871S. 
hyrstan,  wi,  adorn,   pret.   ptc. 

708. 
hyse,  m., youth,  54'. 


\   etc.j  a.   sg. 
etc. ;   g.    mln. 


Ic,  pron.,  /,  1 3, 
mec.  1 2,  i4^ 
26^8,  354}  d.  me,  i'2,  35, 
etc.;  n.  dual,  wit,  63^,  84^, 
87'^  ^%  3i.  a.  unc,  847, 
gyiS^  i7  .  g.  uncer,  873°;  d. 
unc,  6o>5,  6316,  842,  8718, 
?7i3,  n.  pi.  we,  3612,  4o73, 
416,  7^  7i3}  g.  user,  4089  ; 
d.  4216,  54S. 

ides,  f.,   njooman,    612  j   a.    sg. 

75';  g-  pl-  46^. 

in,  prep.  w.  d.,  in,  8^,  etc.; 
following  its  case,  84^;  w.  a. 
into,  156. 


^loflfflfar^ 


i6i 


in,  adv.,  in,  32", 

indryhten,  adj.,  noble,   93'}  a. 

sg.  m.  43'. 
ingeSonc,  m.,  inavard  thought, 

nvit,  60'^. 
innan,    adv.,    in,  ^nithin,    17^^ 

87^2.  in  innan,  inside,  9^,  2  8 7. 
innanweard,  adj.,  internal,  a. 

sg.  m.  9 1 '5. 
innaS,  m.,  stomach,  ivomb,  in- 
side, 179,  a.  sg.  37^;  d.  352. 
insittende,    m.,    one   ivho   sits 

ivithin,  g.  pi.  457. 
isern,  n.,  iron,  71''*,    91^5  j  g. 

sg.  589  J  d.  51. 
iu,  adv.,  once,  formerly,  70^. 
iw,  m.,  j'foi;,  55^. 

L. 

lac,  n.,  gift,  d.  pi.  49^. 
lacan,   rd.,    play,  dance,    31 '9^ 

pres.  I   sg.    30'  j  pret.    3   sg. 

leolc,  568. 
l«cecynn,    n.,    leech-kin,    tribe 

of  doctors,  a.  sg.  5'°. 
laedan,   wi,    leadj  bring,    292, 

pret.  ptc.  28^. 
ISran,  v^i,    teach,   pret.    3    sg. 

4o34. 

laes,  adv.,   comp.    of  lyt,   less, 

_9". 
laessa,    adj.,    comp.     of  lytel, 

less,  neut.  4o95,  662. 
laetan,  rd.,  let,  allonv,   pres.    i 


sg.    338;    3   sg.    3S6;   2o'3,   347, 

50'°;  3  pi.  346;  pres.  opt.  3 
sg.  3385  pret.  3  pi.  i3'o. 

laf,  f,,  remnant,  ijuhat  is  left, 
70^,  a.  sg.  5610^  8910;  feole, 
horn  era,  etc. ,  laf,  leadings  of 
the  file,  of  hammers,  etc.  (a 
usual  kenning  for  sword  or  ar- 
mour), n.  pi.   57. 

lagu,  m.,  sea,  ivater,  31'^  a. 
sg.  22 '6. 

lagufaeSm,  m.,  ^watery  embrace, 
d.  sg.  6o7. 

lagoflod,  m.,  nvater-flood,  a. 
sg.  58^2. 

lagustream,  m.,  nvater-stream, 
g.  pi.  338. 

land,  V.  lond. 

lang,  V.  long. 

lar,  f.,  lore,  teaching,  guidance, 
d.  pi.  3922. 

lareow,  m.,  teacher,  Sj^'^. 

last,  m.,  footstep,  track,  a.  sg., 
321  ;  d.  398,  7i'3;n.  pi.  512  J 
a.  93"  ;  on  last,  on  laste,  be- 
hind, 321,  13", 

Iatteo"V7,  m.,  leader,  guide,  2". 

Ia3,  adj.,  hateful,  hostile,  comp. 
g.  sg.  5'o. 

laSgewinna,  m.  wk.,  hated  op- 
ponent, d.  pi.  1529. 

laSian,  W2,  inojite,  summon^ 
pres.  1  sg.  14'^. 

lead,  n.,  lead,  g.  sg.  40^5. 


1 62 


(fi>lo00ar^ 


leaf,  f.,  leafy  foliage,  d.  pi.  56"='. 
leanian,  W2,  re^ward,   requite, 

pres.  3  sg.  5o9. 
lecgan,   wi,    lay,   pres.    3    sg. 

79'*  5  pret.  3  sg.   31'*,  2o3o. 
leg,  V.  lig. 
lengan,  wi,   lengthen,  prolong, 

pres.  3  sg.  28^. 
lengra,  v.  long, 
leode,  pi.,  people,  g.  pi.  6j^^. 
leof,  adj.,   belo'ved,    dear,   20^, 

4027,    34^    J ^2^    8327^    comp. 

926. 
leofian,  v.  lifgan. 
leoht,    n.,    light,    92^,    d.    sg. 

2717^  6311. 
leoht,      adj.,      light    (opp.     to 

heavy),     comp.     neut.    40^6, 

?926. 
leoht,  adj.,  light  (opp.  to  dark), 

bright,  d.  sg.  wk.  40^7,  comp. 

neut.  662. 
leohtlic,  adj.,   shining,    bright, 

a.  sg.  neut.  29^. 
leolc,  V.  lacan. 
leoma,    m.    wk.,   gleam,   light, 

ray,  d.  sg.  40^7, 
libban,   w2,    linje,    pres.    3    sg. 

leofa'S,  3927. 
lie,  n.,  body,  a.  sg.  65"*  ;  d.  lo^. 
licgan,  v.,  lie,  13'S  14'°  j  pres. 

3   sg.    4049. 

lif,  n.,  life,  d.    sg.    5o9,    5812, 
823,  8910. 


lifgan,  lifian,  leofian,  wi,   a, 

li^e,  3922,  4064,  416^  6714. 
pres.  I  sg.  846}  3  sg.  3927  J 
pret.   3  sg.  lifde,  4oio7j  p^es. 

ptC.    Io9,    I2i4^    2  89. 

lift,  V.  lyft. 

lig,  m.,  flame,  fire,  30',   d.  sg. 

344,  4057. 
lilie,  f.,  lily,  4027. 
lim,  n.,  limb,  47,  a.  sg.  3927. 
line,  f.  wk.,  line,   ro^iv,   d.  sg. 

4210. 
liss,  f.,    kindness,  fa<vour,  joy, 

d.  pi.  2625,  3313^  5o9. 
list,  f.,  skill,  art,   d.   sg.    274; 

d.  pi.  293. 
lis,  n.,  limb,  a.   pi.  leo'So,  23^. 
liSan,    I,  go,   travel,    Tvander, 

3  3S    pres.    ptc.    d.    sg.     iqS, 

pret.   ptc.   n.  sg.  f.  up  liden, 

gronjun  up,  33". 
locc,  m.,  lock  {of  hair),  n.   pi. 

40 104  ;  a.  4o98. 
lof,  n.,  praise,  g.  sg.  20". 
lond,  land,   n.,    land,   country, 

ground  (opp.    to  air),   a.    sg. 

i2'4,    1311  J   d.  3",   64^  2212, 

33^  56^;  g.  pl.  33'^- 
londbuend,  m.,  dnjjeller  in  the 

land,  g.  pl.  93". 
long,  lang,  adj.   long,    3922;  a. 

sg.  f.  289,  ^gS^  comp.  n.  237. 
longe,  adv.,  lon^,   a  lon^  time, 

1529,  408,  67'3. 


©lossarp 


163 


losian,  W2,  escape^  quity  w.   d. 

2"  ;  pres.   3  sg.   12^. 
lufe,  f.  wk.,  lo-ue,  g.  sg.  2  6^5. 
lufian,  W2,  lo'ue,  pres.  3  pi.  93^. 
lust,  m.,  pleasure,  a.  sg.  718. 
lyft,  lift,  f.,   air,    3-,  7^  io9, 

57'  5  g-  sg.  3^i  d.  22'6,  274^ 

408',  5iS  568,    58",  8330. 
lyftfaet,  n.,  aerial  'vessel,  292. 
lyt,  adv.  little,  6o7. 
lytel,  adj.,  little,  wk.   40^65  a. 

sg.  neut.  5 87  J  a.  pi.  f.  57^ 

M. 

ma,  compar.  adv.,  used  as  in- 
decl.  neut.  w.  gen.  more,  i  S'*, 
6o'6  J  a.  2621. 

maecg,  m.,  man,  n.  pi.  50^. 

niae&>  prp.,  /  can,  pres.    i   sg. 

2'o,     15 '9,     i8S    4062,    64^    66, 

425,    557,    63'°;    3    sg.    318, 
40.6,20,69,90,432,  583,  59.3, 

836,   16.  pi,    416,    8342  J  opt.    2 

Sg.  39'^  }  3  sg.  i^  4'S  3 1 '^5 
pret.  I   sg.    5",  9'o,  91 '9;   3 

sg.    296,    40'*^,   67  J   3   pi.    22^. 

maeg,   m.,  kinsman,   son,    312-5, 

n.  pi.  87-75  d.  3123. 
mSgburg,  L,  family,   202°,  a. 

sg.   15^". 
maegen,  n.,  main,   might,  22 '^^ 

83«,    23,    55,  a.  sg.  539,  82-, 

(?)  8332  J  d.  2 3 '3,  27.4,  4o95, 

8320. 


raaegenrof,    adj.,    (very   strong, 

wk.   3  7^. 
maegenstrong,   adj.,  strong  of 

main,  8  6^. 
maegenSise,    f.    wk.,  strength, 

d.  sg.  27.0. 
maegS,  maegeS,  f.,  maid,  n.  pi. 

_5o7j  g.    14S,   339. 
mael,  n.,  mark  (2)  //;«^,  g.   pi. 

816. 
raaeldan,  meldan,  wi,  meldian, 

W2,    announce,  declare,    182, 

2812  J  pret.   I  sg.  7 1 16. 
m^nan,  wi,  tell  of,  relate,  pres. 

I  sg.    6i9  }   3  sg.  201'}   pret. 

opt.  3  pi.  60*7, 
maeran,  wi,  celebrate,  pres.  opt. 

3  pi.  2616, 
maere,   adj.,    celebrated,  great, 

2627,  4o45,  83UJ  g.   pi.  834  J 

d.  8718. 
m^rS,  L,fame,  glory,  (?),  72. 
maest,  v.  micel. 
maeSel,  n.,  assembly,  council,  d. 

^g.  852. 
mae'w,  m.,  sea-gull,  g.  sg.  246. 
mage,  f.   wk.,   kinsnjooman,   g. 

sg.  43.3. 
magorinc,  m.,  man,   ^warrior, 

n.  pi.  22^. 
mandrinc,   m.,  fatal  draught, 

a.  sg.  2  3 '3. 
manian,    W2,    admonish,    pret 

ptc.  366. 


1 64 


(3io!s&m 


mara,  v.  micel. 

maSelian,  wa,  say^  tell,  pret.  3 

sg.  385. 
ma3m,  m.,  treasure,  55'^. 
meaht,  f.,  mtg/it,  po^tver,  83^3  j 

d.  pi.  I'o,  366,  138,  4o9o. 
meahtig,  adj.,  mighty,  40 '2. 
meahtlice,       adv.,       mightily, 

comp.  4062. 
mearc,  f.,  mark,  march,  border, 

territory,  a.  sg.  14^. 
mearclond,    n.,     border-land, 

sea-coast,  d.  sg.  322. 
mearcpaeS,     m.,     path,    path 

across  marches,  a.  pi.  71". 
medwis,  adj.,  half-twitted,  dull, 

d.  sg.  m.  410. 
meldan,  v.  maeldan. 
mengo,  f.  indecl.,  cro^wd,  mul- 
titude,   a.    sg.    (?)   833'+  J     d. 

20^2, 

meodu,  m.,  mead,  a.  sg.  20^2, 
meodusetl,  n.,  mead-seat,  a.  pi. 

6o9. 
Meotud,  m.,  God,  the  Creator, 

3S4,  87'7;g.  sg.  83''. 
meowle,    f.   wk.,    maiden,    4^, 

257,  6i^ 
mere,    m.,    sea,    lake,    a.    sg. 

22^. 

merefaroS,  m.,  sea-shore,  d.  sg. 

6o2. 
merehengest,    m.,    sea-horse, 

ship,  1460 


merestream,    m.,  nvater-flood, 

a.  pi.  669. 
mesan,  wi,  feast,  eat,  40^2. 
micel,  adj.,  great,    much,    3S0, 

2812^  3123  J  vvk.  4o92  J  a.  sg. 

f.  86»  j  neut.  373,  863  ;  i.  3^5, 

61      iq4     ao23    42     74    76     80  .  J 
>   39  >  4'-'    >      >      »     >       )  '^• 

pi.  392  (many)  ;  comp.  mara, 

greater,    4092,      io5.    f.    1^4^ 

neut.    66' i  a.   sg.   39^5  sup. 

maest,  339. 
miclian,  W2,  increase,  pret.  ptc. 

8323  5  f.  2020. 
mid,    prep.   w.    d.,   ivith    (ac- 

compt.),  56,  6^,  159,  461,  etc. ; 

instrl.  5 '2,  64,  2613,274,282,3, 

30s    2,    4013,    i4^    3o,   35,   446, 

5o7,  5412,  633,  66'o. 
mid,  adv.,    included,    as  ^well, 

132,  2218,  465. 
middangeard,  m.,  mid-divell- 

ing,   the    earth,   njuorld,    31', 

321,    4o43,  66'  ;  a.    sg.  39'9, 

4012,  668  J  g.  8211. 
midde,  f.   wk.,  middle,  d.  sg. 

329,  d.  pi.  8o5. 
midddelniht,  f.,  midnight,    d. 

pi.  897. 
mid  wist,    f.,   presence,   a.    sg. 

938. 
milts,  f.,  gentleness,  fa^uour,  d. 

sg.  308. 
min,  poss.  adj.,  my,  2",  3',  6^, 

etc.;  f.,  7i4,  798,  10,  neut.  82'. 


^Io00ar^ 


165 


8721,  89«  ;  a.  sg.  m.  148,  60^, 
82145  f.  8^  1520,  24s  9120, 
938,    neut.    4^,    ",   21^,    258, 

653,  76S,   827,    9126.    g.    m. 

366,   728,    896.    £17,,    5,4o'»S; 

neut.  i8-*,  25'°  ;  d.  m.  4S  9; 
202,  21,  26^  561',  602,  706, 
772,  792;  f.  gii,  i4'8,  2710, 
4030,  neut.  40^5,  726;  n.  pi. 
f.  7^,  6,  108,  neut.  40"  ;  a. 
m.    1 5 '2,   93"^}  f.  1 1 7,  20", 

654,  725,28,  9313.  d.  15". 
mislic,  adj.,  <various^  838,  55, 
mislice,  adv.,  'variously,  2812. 
missenlic,  zd], , 'various,  d.  pi. 

31S  32^ 
missenlice,     adv.,     'variously, 

6715. 
mi6an,  i,  conceal,  63^0,  8  2 '2. 
(2)  refrain  from,  hold  back, 

w.  d.  pres.   i  sg.  8"^. 
mod,  n.,  mood,  mind,  spirit,  a. 

sg.  66;  g.  2714  ;  d.  116,  4217, 

8334,    852  ;d.    pi.    592. 

modor,  moddor,  f.,  mother,  92, 
339,  412,  833,20.  g.  sg.  40^5, 

43'^. 
m6d6rea,m.wk.,/^rror  of  mind, 

panic,  350. 
modwlonc,  adj.,  proud-minded, 

haughty,  f.  27^. 
mod  17=  modwynn,   f.,  hearf  s 

delight,  a.  sg.  897. 
mon,man,m.,;W(2«,  '^^^,z^'^i'i7^> 


385,  43H  8334.  g.  sg,  36,0, 
59'^  J  d.  410,  28^3  ;  n.  pi.  2', 
17",  39^  54">67'5,  i7,  937. 
a.  124,  592.  g.  350,  22',  6o4, 
71'^  764,  82x2,9313.  d.  182, 
308,   3912^  4o45. 

(2)  as  indef.  pron.  one  (like 
Germ,  man),  35'S  4o46. 

mona,  ni.  wk.,  moon,  66^. 

moncynn,  n.,  mankind,   d.  sg. 
329,  392,  4027. 

mondryhten,       m.,        master^ 
prince,  d.  sg.  5  5 '3,  586. 

monig,  adj.,  many,  n.  pi.  308, 

656;    g.     66;      d.      3919,      938. 

agreeing  with  noun  in  pi.,  n. 

pi.  852;  g.  412,    834;    d.  8S 

586. 
monna,  m.  wk.,  man,  a.  sg.  655. 
mor,  m.,  moor,  a.  pi.  7111. 
mot, prep.,  /  may,  pres.  i  sg.  3^5, 

73,   I  520,  2o27,   828  ;  3  sg.  3920J 

3  pi.   1 69,  40103  .  pres.  opt.  i 

sg.    2022  ;    3   sg.    3 1 '3;  pret. 

I  sg.  4o35,  100.  3  sg.   5313. 
mo53e,  f.  wk.,  moth,  47'. 
mundbora,   m.   wk.,  protector, 

171. 
mundrof,  adj.,  strong  of  hand, 

863. 
mu3,  m.,  mouth,  32^;  a.  sg.  8', 

17",  182,  39<2,  678,  764  .  d. 

246,  634  ;  d.  pi.   138. 
muSleas,  adj.,  mouthless,  609. 


1 66 


^lo00ar^ 


N. 
na,  368  =  n5. 
naca,  m.  wk.,  boaty  58^. 
naefde,  325  j  v.  habban. 
naefre,  adv.  =  ne  sefre,  ne<very 

5'°,  39^  "°,  71'^  8730. 
nsegledbord,  adj.,  ^with  nailed 

planks y  585. 
nseglian,  wi,    2,    naily   ri<vety 

pret.  ptc.  19^. 
nsenig  =  ne  senig,  no  oncy  none, 

836}   w.    g.    pi.  29^3  J   d.   sg. 

m.  252,  agreeing  with  a  noun 

a.  sg.  m.  58^. 
nsetan,  wi,  afflict y  oppress y  pres. 

I  sg.   61 
nah,  V.  agan. 
nales,    adv.,    noty    not   at   ally 

26'7. 

nama,  noma,  m.  wk.,  namey 
23',  2627  ;  a.  sg.  55",  598} 
d.  581^,-  a.  pi.  428. 

nan  =  ne  an,  noney  no  oney  53^3, 

nard,  m.,  spikenardy  g.  sg. 
4029. 

nathwser,  adv.,  lit.  /  knonxi  not 
nvhere,  somenjoherey  25^,  62^. 

nathwaet,  indef.  pron.,  1  knonx> 
not  njohaty  somethingy  w.  g. 
45S  54^  6i9,  9125. 

ne,  neg.  particle,  noty  neithevy 
nor,  3 1,  'o,  39'°,  etc. 

neah,  prep.  w.  d.,  neary  follow- 
ing its  case,  3^3,  56^,  60'. 


neahbuend,   n.,  neighbour y   d. 

pi.  252. 
near,    comp.   of  neah,   nearer, 

364. 
nearograp,  f ,  tight  grasp y  836. 
nearu,  nearo,    f ,    a    narrows 

placBy      conjinementy     straits, 

position    of    dangery    d.     sg. 

nearwe,  10^  j  nearo  we,  5  3^3  j 

a.  nearo,  61 6,  62^. 
nearu,  adj.,  narro^Wy^i.  pi.  152^} 

d.  pi.  523. 
nearwian,  w.,    confiney  pres.  3 

sg.  25^0  •  pret.  ptc.  70^. 
neb(b),  n.,  beaky  nosey  face,  10% 

21%   31^,    343  i    a.    sg.   80^^ 

d.  898. 
nefa,  m.,  nephenvy  46^. 
nel{l)e,  v.  willan. 
nemnan,  wi,  namCy  cally  49^  ; 

pres.  I   pi.  40^3  J    3  pi.  247 ; 

pret.  3  sg.   nemde,   59^  ;  im- 

per.  pi.  576. 
neol,  adj.,  prone,    lonv  donvn, 

21S  836. 
neoSan,  nioSan,  zdv.yfrom  be- 

neathy  don^vn,  belo^iv,  lo',  25^, 

3120,  616, 
nergan,  wi,  savey  is'^^h  pres. 

ptc.  a.  sg.  m.  59^. 
ne3an,  wi,  <venturey  53'3  ;  pres. 

3  sg.  255. 
nigan,  i,   bend  fornvard,    pres. 

ptc.  n.  pi.  88. 


^loss^ar^ 


167 


niht,  f.,  night,  29 '^  ;  a.  sg.  397 ; 

d.  pi.   12^,  87*6  •  advbl.  s'-*. 
nioSan,  v.  neoSan. 
nis  =  ne  is,  v.  wesan. 
niS,  ni.,  en'vyy  hatred y  spite y  d. 

sg.  6^. 
niSas,  niSSas,  pi.  m.,  meriy  g. 

576  }  d.  2627. 
niSerweard,  adj.,  do^wnnvardy 

21S  316,  343. 
niSsceaSa,  m.   wk.,   malignant 

foey  1524. 
no,  neg.    adv.,   ne'veVy   noty    6^, 

etc. 
noma,  v.  nama. 
nSwer,  adv.,  noivherey  31'*. 
nowiht,    n.,     nothingy     a.     sg. 

n5. 
nu,  adv.,  nonvy  14S   261^,   401, 

102^  42 '5,  etc. 
nyd,  f.,  /i?^  ri^«^  A^,  428  (see  In- 
troduction, p.  xxxix). 
nydan,  wi,  compely  driuey  pres. 

3  sg.  62^. 
nyde,  adv.,  necessarily y  40^9. 
nymSe,    conj.,    unlessy    except, 

2022,    23'^,    25^,    4o2r,    4l7, 

655. 
nyt(t),    adj.,    usefuly   252,    32^, 

54^    55",    5855     d.    sg.    f. 

Il5. 

nytt,  f.,  use,  d.  sg.  to  nytte, 
aet  nytte,  26-^,  34^^  499,  502, 
696. 


O. 

6  =  a,  adv.,  e'very  54^. 

of,  prep.  w.  A..yfromy  3  7,  16^  56^ 
106,  'o,  1415,  1512,  176^  22,21, 
23'2,     272,    3,    352,   4o79,    502, 

627,  7^4,  5^  766,  89%  91.4. 
ofer,  prep.  w.  a.  or  d.,  O'-very  i7, 
3 10,  etc. 

(2)  alongy  throughy  20^} 
hofer  eor'San,  o^uer  the  earthy 
onearth,  35",4o^S  834', 8721, 
93'0;  sim.  ofer  foldan  sceat, 
4i5. 

(3)  w.  a.,  after,  6'o. 

ofer    willan,   against    {his) 

njoilly  29'°. 
ofer,  m.,  bank,  shore,  n.  pi.  227. 
ofergongan,    rd.,    come    onjer, 

pres.  3  sg.  40'°. 
oferstigan,  i,  rise  abo-uey  pres. 

I  sg.  66^. 
oferswiSan,     wi,      o-vercomey 

4020}  pres.  I  sg.  4029. 
ofost,  of(e)st,  f.,  hurry,  haste, 

d.    sg.     624  •     d.    pi.    advbl. 

quickly,  hastily,  40". 
ofgifan,   V,  gi-ue  up,   abandon, 

pret.   3  pi.  9'. 
oft,  adv.,  often,  4^,  5^,  etc. 
ohwonan,  adv.  ,yrow  any-ivherey 

35«. 
on,  prep.  vv.  d.,  /«,   o«,    i7,   12^ 

212,  34^  etc. 

w.    a.,  intOy  ontOy  totnards. 


1 68 


^losf^ar^ 


(motion),   i^,  ",  2^,  3^,  etc.; 
following   or    separated   from 


its  case   (ace),  3 
258,    794,    87^ 


'3,    (,T^  2029, 
91245    used 


adverbially  (=  prep,  and  ob- 
ject), 86'*. 

on,  adv.,  o«,  on^voardsy  62^. 

onbugan,  11,  hend^   pres.    i   sg. 
23^. 

(2)  s^wer^e^  denjiate^  315, 

oncTveSan,   v,  repljy  gi<ve  an- 
s'wer,  pres.  i  sg.  4^. 

ond,  and,  conj.,  and,  1%  etc. 

ondfenga,     m.,     recei'very    one 
<ivho  receinjesy  g.  sg,  61 7. 

ondraedan,  wi,  dread,  fear y  w. 
refl.  d.  pres.  3  sg.  3^^. 

ondswaru,  f,  ans^ivery   a.   sg. 

5nettan,  v.  onnettan. 
onfindan,  in,  find  out,  disco'very 

pres.  3  sg.   157,  279. 
onga,  m.  wk.,  sting,  dart,  23^. 
ongean,  prep.,  against,  opposite 

to,    following  its  case,  w.    d. 


753, 


w.  a.  27^ 


ongietan,  v,  grasp,  comprehend, 
5910;  pres.  opt.  3  pi.  48^. 

onginnan,  in,  begin,  set  about, 
pres.    I    sg.    17'';   3  sg.  28", 


onhebban,  vi,  lift,  raise,  pres. 

I  sg.  onhasbbe,  30^. 
onhlidan,  i,  unco'ver  ?  83^3. 
bend. 


pres. 


onhnigan,  i,  boiL 

3  pi.  3o7. 
onhwyrfan,    wi,    turn    round, 

pret.  3  pi.  722  ;  pret.  ptc.  23'. 
onhyrian,  wi,  imitate,  emulate, 

pres.  I  sg.  onhyrge,  8'°,  24'*. 
onlicnes,    f.,    likeness,    a.    sg. 

4037. 

onlucan,  11,  unlock,  pret.  3   sg. 

4212. 
onmedan,    wi,    presume,    take 

upon  oneself,  pres.   opt.   3  sg. 

onnettan,  onettan,  wi,  hurry y 

pret.  3  sg.  29 'S  547. 
onsittan,  v,  w.  reflex,  d.  fear, 

15^3. 
onsundran,     adv.,     separately, 

7_i6. 
ontynan,    wi,    unco'ver,    open, 

pret.  I  sg.  754. 
onSeon,  i,  contr.  to   be  of  serv- 
ice, w.  d.  632. 
*on)7inhan,  in,  thri've,  prosper, 

pret.  3  pi.  on'Sungan,  8721. 
onSunian,  W2,  snjc ell ivith  pride, 

be  puffed  up,  4o9'. 


3i9;  pret. 

3   sg.   ongon,  93, 

onwald,  m.,  might,  d.  sg.  40 '3. 

54'°;  3  pl. 

228. 

onweg,  adv.,  anjoay,    396,    68^ 

onhaele,  adj., 

secret,  hidden,  a. 

onwendan,  wi,  change,  pret.  3 

sg.  f  157. 

pl.   72^. 

€^lo00at^ 


169 


or,  n.,  beginnings   origin^  a.  sg. 

359,83- 
ord,    n.,    point    (of  any    kind), 

6012,  i3  J  d.  sg.  76*^}  d.  pi.  155 

(toes),   178  (darts). 
ordstapu,   f.,  /»o/«/,  pricky    n. 

pi.   71^7. 
orlege,  n.,  ou^zr,   strife^    g.   sg. 

orlegfrom,     adj.,     valiant     in 

battle^  a.  sg.  m.  2o'5. 
orSonc,  m,,  skilly   crafty  a.    sg. 

777  J  d.  pi.  693. 
orSoncbend,  f.,  cunning  bandy 

d.  pi.  4215. 
orSoncpil,     n,,    skilfully    made 

pointy  21". 
oSberan,  iv,  bear  anvayy   pret. 

3  sg.  2  2 10. 
oSer,  num.   adj.   o/>^^r,    second y 

3",  neut.    21",  40^6;  a.  sg. 

m.   2220 ;   f.    397.    g.  sg.  69; 

d.  3^',  2o'S,  376,   4311,    535^ 

'o,  836,  9o7  J  i.  2110 ;  a.  pi. 

495;d.  ii4. 

one   of  two,    429,    d.    sg. 

52^  ;  o'Ser  .  .  .  o^er,  567. 
oSfergan,       wi,        carry     offy 

l6i7. 

oSSaet,  conj.,  untily   3^2^  97,  10, 

23^  5  3^  71^  7^^  91'^- 
o53e,  conj.,  or,  i'^,  373^  ^^q 
oSiSringan,     iii,     forcey     take 

anjoayy  8  7 '9. 


owiht,    adv.,    at   ally     by    any 

means y  416. 
oxa,  m.  vvlc.,  oxy  22'^. 


paeSan,  wi,  tra'versey  tra'vel 
throughy  pres.  3  sg.  5  89; 
pret.   I  sg.  7 1 'I. 

pernex,  40^6.  See  footnote  to 
the  passage. 

plegan,  wi,  playy  42^. 

R. 

rad,  f.,  ridingy  d.  sg.  197. 

(2)  the  rune   R,    5  8 '5  (see 
Introduction,  p.  xxxix). 
radwerig,    adj.,    njoeary    nvith 

ridingy  or  tra'vellingy  zo^^. 
riecan,  wi,  reach y  extend y  pres. 

I  sg.  667. 
raeced,   n.,   housey  hally  a.  sg. 

521  ;  d.  31^  ;  a.  pi.  i^. 
raid,  m.,  counsely    15"^;  g.   sg. 

8735. 
rsedan,  wi,  ready  explain y  sol've 

(a    riddle),    pres.    opt.    3    sg. 


591^  ;  imper.  2 


r.  6i9. 


raedelle,  f.  wk.,  riddhy  a.    sg. 

_42^3. 

raeping,  m.,  captivey  a.  pi.  52'. 
raeran,  wi,  raisey   pres.   opt.    3 
_sg-  3^^;  pret.  3  sg.  55^- 
raesan,  wi,   rush   {upon)y   pres. 
3  sg.  258. 


70 


^lo00ar^ 


read,  reod,  adj.,  redy  n.  sg.  j 
wk.  26i5  J  a.  sg.  m.  25^  ;  g.  ! 
wk.  486  5  n.  pi.  f.  ii2  J  i.  sg.  j 
advbl.  reade  bewsefed,  clothed  } 
in  red,  70'.  j 

reaf,  n.,  raiment ,  dress,  d.  sg. 
JX\   if. 

reafian,  W3,  rob,  ravage,  plun- 
der, pres.  I  sg.  reafige,  i^, 
lai^j  3  sg.  258,  652. 

rec,  m.,  smoke,  n.  pi.  i^. 

reccan,  wi,  reck,  care  for,  w. 
g.  pres.  3  sg.  765. 

reccan,  wi,  stretch. 

(a)     tell,     declare,    imper. 
32'^. 

(3)  rule,  40^5  ;  pres.  i  sg. 
4o33. 

reccend,  m.,  ruler,  40^. 

recene,  adv.,  at  once,  straight- 
away, 3928. 

regn,  m.,  rain,  a.  sg.  3^5. 

regnwyrm,  m.,  rain-nvorm, 
earth-njjorm,  4o7o. 

rSod,  V.  read. 

reord,  f.,  speech,  language,  a. 
sg.  245}  d.  pi.  8'. 

resele,   f.    wk.,    riddle,   a.   sg. 


39 


28 


restan,   wi,    rest,   tarry,    3^3  ^ 
pres.  1  sg.  93^  ;  w.  reflex,  d. 

r63e,  adj.,  fierce,  furious j    i^, 
Sj^g.  sg.  m.  i5«5. 


ribb,  n.,  rib,  g.  pi.  328. 
rice,  n.,  dominion,  d.  sg.  331. 
rice,  adj.,  ponverful,    great,   of 

high  rank,  rich,  4o3j  g,  sg.  m. 

70'  ',  n.  pi.   32^3  J  d.  932. 
ricels,  n.,  incense,  402^. 
ridan,  i,   ride,   332,  222  .  ^^rts. 

1  sg.  797;  I  sg.  336,  583,  757. 

pret.      I     sg.      91^2  J     3     sg. 

195. 
rinc,  m.,  man,   ivarrior,   6z'^, 

732,  63^6  (?).    a.  pi.  i4i6jd. 

426. 
rod,  f.,  the  Rood,  Cross,   g.   sg. 

55^. 
rodor,   m.,  heanjen,  the  sky,  g. 

pi.  137,  59165  d.  555. 
r5f,  adj.,   ^valiant,  bold,   a.   sg. 

197^  n.  pi.  573. 
rose,  f.,  rose,  402I 
ruh,  adj.,  hairy,  rough,  25^  ;  g. 

sg.  neut.  ruwes,  61 9. 
runstaef,  m.,  rune,  letter,  n.  pi. 

58  1^5  a.  426. 
ryht,  n.,   right,  justice,   equity, 

d.  sg.  4o35  .   on  rj'ht,  rightly, 

4o3. 
ryht,  adj.,   right,   due,  just,   a. 

sg.  m.  Si'^ ;  i.   5o7j  n.  pi.  m. 

5815. 
ryman,  wi,   make   room,   clear 

the  nx^ay,  pres.  3  sg.  53 '«. 
ryne,   m.,   running,   course,    a. 

sg.  832. 


^Io00ar^ 


171 


ryne,  n.,  secret ^  mystery y  mys- 
terious saying,  a.  sg.  48'^. 

rynegiest,  m.,  saviji  guest,  g. 
sg.   358. 

rynemon,  m.,  man  of  runes, 
sage,  a.  pi.  42 ^3. 

rynestrong,  adj.,  strong  in  his 
course,  9^. 


sacan,  vi,  stri-ue,  contend,  67'°. 
sacu,  f.    (or  saecc),  strife,  con- 
flict, d.  sg.  206. 
sae,  m.  f.,  sea,  3^9,  -jS^  ;  n.  pi. 

663. 
saecc,  f.,  strife,  conflict,   a.  sg. 

87^9j  g.   329. 

saeccan  (?),      stri've,      contend, 

pres.  I  sg.  162. 
saed,  adj.,  sated,  ^weary,  52. 
s^grund,  m.,  bottom  of  the  sea, 

a.  pi.  2 10. 
sael,  n.,  hall,  g.  sg.  sales,  52^. 
sael,  m.,   /;/«^,   occasion,  g.  sg. 

3112. 
saelwong,  salwong,  m.,  fertile 

plain,  plain,  2i.  sg.  193,-  d.  3^. 
saene,  adj.,  j/otx^,  sluggish,  33^. 
saeweall,    m.,    sea-^wall,    cliff, 

d.  sg.  60'. 
Sag,  bundle,  load  (J),  8o5. 
saga,  V.  secgan. 
salo,  zdj.fSalloTU,  dark-coloured, 

79". 


saloneb,    adj.,    jivarthy faced, 

49^. 
salopad,   adj.,   dark-coated,    n. 

salwong,  V.  saelwong. 

samed,  v.  somod. 

sang,  V.  song. 

sar,  adj.,  sore,   comp.  n.    sg.  f. 

sare,  adv.,  sorely,  71'^. 
sawan,  rd.,   so^w,   pres.    3    sg. 

2l6. 

sawol,  f.,  jo«/,   a.  sg.  39'^}  g. 

8735. 
sceacan,  rd.,  mo^e  rapidly,  fly ^ 

pret.   3  sg.  91"  ;  lute's  on  ge- 

rum  sceacan,  lets  {me)  go  at 

large,  xo^"^. 
sceam,  m.,  ivhite  horse  {}),  a.  pl. 

2  2^. 

scearp,  adj.,  sharp,  3'*',  62', 
69"^}  n.  pl.  f.  scearpe,  33'*,- 
a.  pl.  scearp,  69"^  j  d.  pl.  3^2  j 
sup.  i.  sg.  282. 

sc6at,  m.,  sheet,  cloak,  gar- 
ment, d.  sg.  9 7,  442. 

(2)  surface,  region,  corner, 
a.  sg.  41 5  ;  a.  pl.  67 '6  J  g. 
87^7. 

sceawendwise,  f.  wk.,  play- 
er s  song,  or  jesting  song,  a.  sg. 
89. 

sceawian,  W2,  behold,  ohser<ve, 
5  92  5  pres.  I  sg.  sceawige,  4o'*o. 


1/2 


(3io^^m 


scSo,  cloud  (?),  3"*^ 
sceotan,  II,  s/ioot,  38'*. 
sceran,  iv,  cut,  pres.  3  sg.  65^. 
sce33an,  vi,  injure,  43^  ;  pres. 

I  sg.  252  ;   3  sg.  43"  ;  pret. 

I  sg.  scod,  2  0^5,  7 1''*. 
scieppan,    vi,   shape,   fashion, 

pret,    3   sg.  scop^   84^  ;   pret. 

ptc.  sceapen,  20',  232. 
scildan,    wi,     shield,    protect, 

pret.  3  pi.  8717. 
scin,  n.,  spectre,  goblin,  n.    pi. 

scinan,  i,  shine,  ^0^°^. 

scip,  n.,  ship,  5  81 

scir,  adj.,  shining,  bright,  7220  j 

a.  sg.  m.  58'*  j  n.  pi.  f.   1 1*. 
scire,  adv.,  clearly,  brightly,  8^, 

3  81 
scotian,   W2,  shoot,  pres.   3  pi. 

8crl3an,  i,  ^0,  avander,  stalk, 
glide,  pres.  3  sg.  357  j  pres. 
ptc.  n.  pi.  neut.  3^2. 

sculan,  prp.,  Z'^  obliged,  pres. 
I    sg.  sceal,   /   must,  3 '7,   34^ 


65      68 


4S    14^ 


15' 


i7,    16',   7,   2026,  3o^  308,  4o9i, 
631,    7o7,  82'S    894,    93S,  8. 

3  sg.  27",  3^^  3  3'S  37^39^ 
16,    2r,    4^8,    435,     8,6,     845, 

87^75   3   pi.    8719;  opt.  3  sg. 

331  5  pret.  I  sg.  608,  i"^,  72*^5 

3  sg.  61S,  9i7}  3  pi.  136. 


scur,  m.,  shonver,   rain,  d.   pi. 

87^7. 

scyppend,  m.,  the  Creator,  40% 

se,  seo  (sio),  3set,  def.  art.,  the, 
1524,153,  236,  etc.jf.  99,  2020, 
31'^  3^^  39S  606,  12,  67^9, 
832053.  m.  20"*,  24"* ;  f.  37 
38',  42 13,  9 1 18.  neut.  34^  ;g 
m-  47^  55^  5 9^  'S  '^  6i7 
neut.  33'°,  4I^^  42",  54'° 
899  J  d.  m.  1526,  2o23,  29^^ 
3765  i.  282,  3  J  n.  pi.  2616 
a,  353,  y2,  2  2'o,  347,  42 12 
d.  162,  7228. 

se,  seo  (sio),  Saet,  dem.  pron. 
he,  she,  that,  a",  279,  3 85 
4o93,  96,  435,  r4,  595,  x6,  67x8 
706,  8o7,  8734,  9127.  f.  25x0, 
28x3,     3124,     3^x4,     3312,     362 

39'^   41^    52^5    neut.    33XX 
368,   3924,  412,  8,    4311^    4^3 

47S    53S    60XO5    a.    sg.    m. 
23x3,  9113  .  £  3 10,  299  •  neut 


IS  3 


35     57      AlO 


(v.  sylf),  1 68, 


67'%    71^    83325   g.   m.    3'< 

2028,   35,    ^jj7  .     f.    29'4,    3613 

neut.  359,  68,  9,  ii5,  1 64,  5 
23x0,  311S,  3^12,  4i4,  8330 
d.  m.  13x0,  1529,  436,  60XX 
69'  }  f.  295,  565,  724,  8731 
neut.  37,  87345  i.  63'°;  afte: 

COmp.    9  XX,     X2,     135,    6,     174, 


^Io00ar^ 


173 


198,  2619,  20,  21,  399,  476, 

871-^,    iS  5  n.    pi.    24'°,    26'5, 


3510,   4i7,    52^;   a. 


34c 


5'S  ^89, 
39-5,  26,  4o«9,  428,  465,  5^5, 
56'S  656,  83«,  '5,  55,  89x0  ; 
d.  265,  427,  476,  494. 
se,  seo  (sio),  3aet,  rel.  pron., 
ijoho,  ivhich,  20^,  236,  40',  22, 

9o,   492,    516,    6^5,     825,    8728. 

f.  29«,  3i5,  342,  4o8f,  526; 
neut.  40^2,  69,  5^12,  go'^ }  a. 
sg.  m.  4o7-^,  50^  ;   neut.  44^  j 

g.  neut.  41^,  7  5  d.  m.  432  ; 
pi.  n.  2623,  572  .  a.  497;  g. 
g.  716, 

w.  antecedent  omitted :  17", 
hen.vhOy  thatnvhich,  3'^,  2o29, 
55155  neut.  112,  336,  1 711, 
21 '5,  23'2,  3 310,  374,  893,  6, 
9124  .  a.   sg.    neut.    3^5,    i67, 

49'°)    54",  79^5 
pi.  n.  72^;  a.  67, 

sealt,  adj.  (?),  salt,  925. 

searo,  n.,  dc'-vice,  art,  -uoork  of 
arty  contri-uance,  a.  sg.  32^. 

d.  pi.  advbl.  searwum,  skil- 
fully,  296,  565,8348. 

searobunden,    adj.,    cunningly 
bound,  a.  sg.  neut.  55"*. 

searoceap,    m.,  ingenious    ma- 
chine, curious  object,  327. 

searocraeftig,  adj.,  skilful,  cun- 
ning, 338. 


searolic,  adj.,  ingenious,  curi- 
ous, 60". 

searopil,  m.,  skilfully  made  or 
pointed  tool,  g.  pi.  892. 

searosieled,  adj.,  skilfully  tied, 
2316, 

searoSonc,  m.,  skilful  device, 

d.  pi.  3  5'3. 
searoSoncol,        adj.,      experty 

clc'-ver,  n.  pi.  m.  4o97, 
seaw,  n.,  moisture,  liquid,  a.  pi. 

seax,    n.,    knife,    g.    sg.    26^, 

60 '2,  7665  d.  4097. 
secan,  wi,  seek,  'visit,  a^,   162, 


2711,  9] 


pres.  3   sg. 


345,  8734  }    3  pi.  9 3 12  J    pret. 


3  sg.  91 


secg,  m.,  man,  45,  629  j  n.  pi. 
40975  d.  48^5  g.  63X. 

secgan,  W3,  say,  42^,  558,  16  j 
pres.  3  pi.  39S  ^^  ;  pret.  3 
sg.  338;  imper.  2  sg.  saga, 
ii4,  212,  etc.,-  infl.  infin.  3922. 

sefa,  m.  wk.,  mind,  understand- 
ing, d.  sg.  60''. 

segnberend,  m.,  standard- 
bearer,  ^warrior,  g.  pi.  4020. 

sele,  m.,  hall,  84'  ;  g.  sg.  13'*  ; 
d.  20^0. 

seledream,  m.,  hall-Joy,  mirth, 
d.  sg.  63^ 

selest,  adj.,  sup.  of  god,  best, 
g.  sg.  wk.  4i3. 


174 


(Slofiffifari? 


sella,  adj.jcomp.  of  god,  better  y 

a.  pi.  izl 
sellan,  wi,^i'X^^,  endo^w^  w.  d. 

pers.  pres.    i    sg.    12^  j   pret. 

3  sg.  sealde,  4^,  6i3,  yi^. 
sellic,    adj.,   r^r^,    <voonderfuly 

excellent y  322;  f.    32^,    83285 

a.  sg.  neut.  312. 
semninga,  adv.,    straightaway ^ 

suddenly y  401°. 
sendan,  wi,  send^  pres.    3   sg. 

3^  495  ;  3  pl-  30^  J  pret.  ptc. 

n.  sg.  m.  I  ". 
seolfor,  n.,  silver,  g.  sg.  $s^h 

d.  2o'o,  6718. 
seolhbaeS,   n.,  j^i^/V  bathy   the 

sea,  a.  pi.  10". 
seomian,     W2,    //>    ^/ow,     lie 

aroundy  pres.  3  sg.  7.6^. 
seon,  V.  contr.,  see,  pres.  i  sg. 

53  ;    pres.  opt.  I  sg.  sy,  w.  g. 

406S  ;    pret.    1    sg.    13S    19', 

3i3,  323,  42S  51S  521,  53S 

55S  59S  64S  861  .  pret.  opt. 

3      pi.  .^     sawe     (see     note), 

833X. 
settan,  wi,  setyputy  pret.  3  sg. 

26'*,   4o7. 
se5eah,  swaSeah,  swa36ana, 

conj.,  ne^erthelesSy    4^,   35", 

3927,   58ri,  i3,  651,   867. 
Sid,   adj.,   nvidey   broady   a.    pi. 

m.  2'°,  6610. 
Side,  f.  wk.,  sidey    13^;  a.    sg. 


2ii3,    692  J  d.  71-^,   766;  n. 

pi.   152,  72185  a.  8o5,  857. 
siex,  num.,  sixy  24'°  5  a.  367. 
sigefaest,  adj.,  sure  of  'victory y 

comp.  n.  pi.  26'9. 
sigor,  m.,  -victory,  g.  pi.  6^ 
sin,  poss.    adj.,  his,   d.    sg.    m. 

58'^  59^5  i.  2314  ;  a.  pi.  m. 

31225  d.  6i3,  89",  912. 
sine,  n.,    treasure,  4'"*  ;  a.    sg. 

206,  55"*  5  d.  2010,  67'8. 
sincfag,     adj.,     adorned    ivith 

treasure  y  14'^. 
sinder,   n.,  drosSy    impurity y    d. 

pi.  266. 
singan,  in,  singy    31^5  pres.  i 

sg-    82  5     3    sg.    692  5    3    pi. 

sittan,  V,  sity  75'  ;  pres.  i    sg. 

2475  3  sg.  3S,  3112;  3  pi.  88; 

pret.  3  sg.  461  ;  3  pi.  85^. 
siS,  adv.,  later y  608. 
slZ),  m.y  journey y   coursiy   a.   sg. 

i2,  29!^,    843  5  d.    527,    642; 

a.   pi.    lo'i,    39'^;    g.     2^2  5 

d.  323. 
siSfaet,  va.y  journey y  19^5  a.  sg. 

821^5  d.  436. 
siSian,  vf2,  travel y   512  ;  pret. 

_  I  sg.  7110;  3  sg.  26". 
siSSan,  adv.,  aftervcardSy  theny 

99,  lo'o,  1522,  262,  5,  II,  275, 

2913,   4o9,  6i5,    63'',   766,  8^ 


€^losf0ai^ 


175 


siSSan,  conj.,  after ^  since,  11 9, 

j_S'',  236. 
slaep,  m.,  sleep,  40^0. 
slaipwerig,    adj.,  iveary  ivith 

sleep,  a.  sg.  m.  4^. 
slepan,  rd.,  sleep,  pret.   opt.    i 

sg.  4o9. 
slitan,  I,  slit,  tear,  shatter,  i  3^  ; 

pres.   I  sg.   121  J  3    pi.    87^2  J 

pres.  ptc.  n.  pi.  16^. 
sliSe,    adj.,   hard,   cruel,    dire, 

g.  sg.  f.  3^9. 
slupan,  II,  glide,  3^9. 
sm€e\,zd].,narro'w,  slender, J  z^^. 
smeah,  adj.,  penetrating,  comp. 

92S  (?). 
smiS,    m.,    smith,   92'  j  g.   pi. 


5'5,  20' 


i6'4. 


snsegl,  m.,  snail,  40^0. 
snaw,  m.,  snonv,  80'°. 
snel,  adj.,  yw/V^,  comp.    n.   sg. 

m.  407°. 
sniSan,  I,  cut,  pret.  3  sg.  26^. 
snottor,     adj.,     nxiise,     clever, 

knowing,  8334  .  n.  pi.  m.  852, 

snySian,  W2,  ^0  /2/o«^  sniffing 
(i.e.  with  nose  to  the  ground, 
like  a  dog),  pres.  i  sg.  sny- 
•Slge,  2 1 7. 

somnian,  W2,  collect,  assemble, 
pret.  ptc.  302. 

somod,  adv.,  together,  i''*,  162, 
229,   512^  6o'3. 


sona,  adv.,  soon,  at  once,    i6<^, 
277,  9,  63^3,  861 


sond. 


m.,  messenger,  90- 


sond,  n.,  sand,  d.  sg.  2^,  60^. 

song,  sang,  m.,  song,  a.  sg. 
24*>5g.   573. 

so3,  n.,  truth,  a.  sg.  36". 

s63,  adj.,  true,  just,  righteous, 
354,  6S  3925  ;g.  pi.  26"  5  d. 
3929. 

soScwide,  m.,  true  speech, 
truth,  d.  pi.   3513. 

spsetan,  wi,  spit,  pres.  1  sg. 
174,  238. 

sped,  f.,  j-/)^^^,  success,  17'*  ;  a. 
sg.  8734  J  on  sped,  successfully, 
4'2. 

speddropa,  m.,  speed-drop  (?), 
d.  pi.  26^. 

spel,  n.,  story,  saying  (2)  rid- 
dle, a.  sg.  4'2. 

sperebroga,  m.  wlc.,  spear- 
terror,  a.  pi.  17'*. 

spild,    m.,    destruction,    d.    sg. 

23«. 

spoT,n. ,  trace,  track,  d.  sg.  8734. 
spo'wan,  rd.,  succeed,  pret.  im- 


pers. 


g-  4- 


spraec,  f.,  speech,  d.  sg.  2 7 '3. 

sprecan,  v,  speak,  18',  6o9; 
pres.  I  sg.  8'  J  sprice,  23", 
43'^)  3  sg.  sprece'S,  2o33  j 
sprice'S,  28'°;  3  pi.  939  j 
pret.  3  sg.  39 '2. 


\j6 


^lo00ar^ 


spyrian,  wi,  malie  a  tracks 
trace y  pret.  3  sg.  2  6 8. 

staef,  m.,  staff,  (2)  letter  of  the 
alphabet,  n.  pi.  241°. 

staelgiest,  m. ,  thienjtsh  stranger, 

staepe,  m.,  step,  d.  sg.  91'°. 
staeS,   n.,   bank,   shore,    d.    sg. 

3'^,    22^9  5  a.   pi.   2^ 

staeSSan,  wi,  stay,  hold  in, 
pres.  opt.  3  sg.  3^^^. 

Stan,  m.,  stone,  40^4  j  d.  sg.  2^  5 
a.  pi.  i69j  d.  8343. 

standan,  v.  stondan. 

stanhliS,  n.,  stone-cliff,  rock,  n. 
pi.  326. 

stanwong,  m.,  stony  plain,  a. 
pi.  9 1 10. 

staSol,  m.,  foundation,  seat,  sta- 
tion, position,  25'^,  702 }  a.  sg. 

475,  87^5. 
staSolwong,  m.,  ///^c^  of  occu- 
pation, established  place,    d. 

sg.  34^-  _ 
stealc,  adj.,  steep,  high,  n.  pi. 

neut.  326;  a.  pi.  neut.  2^,  917. 
steap,  adj.,  high,  25^,  702  ;  a. 

sg.  m.  15'^,  80"^ ;  n.  pi.  m.  310. 
stede,  m.,  place,  position,  a.  sg. 

44^. 
stefn,  f.,  ^oice,  a.  sg.  24^  j  d. 

87,  14'^  48^. 
stenc,  m.,  smell,  odour,  a.   sg. 

4029  J  d.  4023. 


steort,   m.,    tail,    168;   a.    sg. 

587,  802  i  d.  21I 
stepan,  wi,   exalt,   pres.  3   sg. 

508. 
steppan,   vi,   step,  go,  pres.    i 

sg.    155;  pret.  I    sg.    735;   3 

sg-    2610,    542,    9129;    3    pi. 

22'9. 

stician,  W2,  stick,  thrust,   pres. 

3    sg.     12'^ 

(2)    intr.,    stick,    be  fixed, 

pres.    3   sg.   893}  pret.   3   sg. 

6i5. 
stig,  f.,  path,  a.  pi.  1524. 
stigan,  I,  rise,  pres.  i  sg.  3^0  j 

3   pi.    i^  j  mount,  climb,  2 2 8, 

9i7. 
stille,  adj.,  still,   quiet,  3^0,  74^ 

i64  }  n.  pi.  2i4,  87  .  a.  348. 
stille,  adv.,  quietly,  325. 
stincan,   iii,    r/V^   «/>,   pret.    3 

sg.  29". 

(2)  stink,  smell  badly,  pres. 

3  sg.  4o32. 
stiS,  adj.,  stiff,  strong,  443,  702; 

a.   sg.    m.    i69jneut.     9i29j 

g.  sg.  neut.  545. 
stiSecg,       adj.       strong-edged, 

9 1 '8. 
stiSweg,  m.,  rough  path,  a.  sg. 

335. 
stiwita,  m.wk.,  householder  (?), 

d.  pi.  3 10. 
stondan,  standan,    vi,  stand. 


^lo^fifaiT 


177 


34^    49 S    54*,    872S; 


331 

pres.    1   sg.   254,    8722,  9] 


3  sg.  40^' ; 


3  Pl. 


pres. 


opt.    3   sg.    695  ;  pret.    I    sg. 

87";    8  sg.    569;   I   pl,    8714. 

pres.    ptc.    a.    sg.  m.  80^,-  d. 


sg. 


54^ 


(2)  fall  to  the  lot  0/,  apper- 
tain to,  pres.   3  sg.  93'*. 

storm,  m.,  storm,  d.  pl.  83'*3. 

strael,  f.,  arroiUy  a.  sg.  3^6. 

straet,  f.,  street,  road,  a.  sg. 
15^8. 

Strang,  v.  strong. 

stream,   m.,    stream,  flood,    n. 


pl. 


^^,   228,    80^  J  a.  3' 


(2)    njoater,  fluid,    g.    sg. 

2610. 
streamgewinn,    n.,    strife   of 

nvaters,  g.  sg.   3^6. 
stfengu,  f.,  strength,  7^ ;  d.  sg. 

strengo,  2  7 ^3. 
strong,    Strang,    adj.,    strong, 

l3,    335,    1 64,    2713,     549,     62s 

9110;  a.    sg.  m.  832;  g.    sg. 
wk.  47^  ;  d.  wk.  40^9  ;  n.  pl. 
22^  j  d.  433  ;  comp.  strengra, 
40^2,  844  ;  neut.  4023. 
strudan,  11,  plunder,  pret.  3  pl. 

53'°- 
stund,  f. ,  time,  moment  of  time, 
a.  sg.  9 1 18  ;  g.  pl.  549. 
d.  pl.  advbl.  stundum,  'vig- 


orously, fiercely,    exceedingly, 
i3    -,6 

style,  n.,  steel,   9118,    92^;   d. 

sg.    4o79. 

sty'ran,  wi,  govern,  pres.  3  sg. 
4013. 

(2)  hinder,   restrain,   pres. 
1  sg.   Ill 

styrgan,  wi,  stir,  agitate,  318  ; 
pres.  I  sg.  29,  370, 

styrman,  wi,  storm,  make  a 
noise,  cry  aloud,  pres.  i  sg. 
87. 

sue,  see  swylce. 

sum,  indef.  pron.,  o«^  (of  many), 
a  certain,  w.  g.  pl.  148,  26', 
76"^ ;  a.  sg.  m.  3^  ;  neut.  799  ; 
g.  473  ;  "Sristra  sum,  one  of 
the  bold,  i.e.  <TJuith  bold  com- 
panions, 7223  .  agreeing  with 
its  noun,  333  ;  n.  pl.  f.  lo^  ; 
absol.,  some  one,  g.  sg.   1415. 

sumor,  m.,  summer,  873. 

sumsend,  adj.,  rustling,  rat- 
tling, patterifig,  a.  pl.  neut. 
347. 

sund,    n.,    sea^    ivater.    d. 


sg. 


sundhelm,  m.,  ivater-co'vering, 

sea,  76^  ;  d.  sg.  2"°. 
sundor,  adv.,  apart,  separately, 

39^. 
sundorcraeft,m.,  special poiver, 
a.  sg.  393. 


178 


^losfflfar^ 


sunne,  f.  wk.,  suny   66^,  92'  ; 

a.  sg.  26^. 
sunu,  m.,  son,  40^2,  83^°  ;  a,  sg. 

378;n.pl.  suno,462,3  5g.  912. 

suSerne,  adj.,  southern^  62^. 
swa,  adv. ,  jo,  <?/,  /o  such  degree, 
in  such  ivay,  2^,  3^7^  89,  912, 

116,  202S,  2l2,  22^,  242,  10, 
2  7'^  296,  3  3",405,  14,25,34, 
69,   488,   499,    5912,     6l4,     695, 

83^2,  87^1;  swe,  96  J  swa 
some,  similarly,  e^ven  so,  152, 
42"  ;  swa  .  .  .  swa,  as  .  .  . 
as,  96. 

conj.,    so   that,    60*6  j    al- 
though, 6^,  22i3  }  swa  .  .  .  ne, 
unless,  87^1. 
swas,   adj.,  (oners')  oivn,   esp. 
of  blood-relationship,    n.    pi. 

f.  46^  5  g.  9". 

(2)  dear,  a.   pi.   1522,  7165 

g.  2622. 

swSsende,  n.,  food,   refection, 

d.  pi.  888. 
swaetan,    wi,    snveat,    pres.    3 

pi.  3^2. 
swaeS,  n.,  track,  footstep,  zi^°  ; 

a.  sg.  216  J   d.  1525,  741  }  n. 

pi.  51^ 
swa3eah,swa5eana,v.  seSeah. 
swaSu,  f.,  track,  a.  sg.  9  3 '2. 
sv7e,  see  swa. 
sweart,  adj.,  black,  dark,  49^  ; 

neut.  21'°  J  wk.  4o3»  j  a.  sg. 


m.  12^3.  d.  4o94,  7110.  n. 
pi.  m.  512,  5  7^  ;  a.  iz^  ;  neut. 
3^75  d.  177;  sup.  g.  sg.  wk. 

sweartlast,    adj.,    leaguing    a 

black  track,  26". 
sweg,    m.,    noise,    din,    crash, 

g.  pi.  339. 
swelgan,  in,  snvalloiv,  inhale. 


w.  d.  or  i.    14^^, 


pres. 


1    sg.  91235   3   sg.  492,  58^0, 

8i2  }  pret.  3  sg.  2  69,  476, 
sweltan,   iii,   die,   pres.    3   sg. 

swylte^,  354,  375. 
sweora,    m.    wk.,    neck,    69% 

72185  a.  sg.  856. 
sweord,  n.  sivord,  551I 
sweorfan,  in,  scrub,  rub,  scour, 

fie,  pret.  ptc.  28^,  892. 
sweostor,   f.,    sister,    71 4;    g. 

sg.  43^4.  n.  pi.  132. 
sweotol,    adj.,    manifest,    e<vi- 

dent,    n.    sg.    f.    39^  ;   neut. 

2110 ;  n.  pi.  neut.  13'*. 
sweotule,  adv.,  clearly,  24^°. 
swete,  adj.,  snjoeet,  40^8. 
swetnes,  f. ,   siveetness,   d.   sg. 

4o3o. 
swifan,  i,   s-uueep,  glide,    327  j 

pres.  3  sg.  12^3, 
swift,    adj.,    snx^ift,  fleet,    372, 

15s    51^  j  vvk.    4068.  a.    sg. 

m.    193,    74I5    comp.    n.    sg, 

4o7o  5  neut.  663,  843. 


<Slo0fi;ar^ 


179 


swige,  adj.,  silent y  3",  84'. 
S'wigian,  wz,  be  silent^  pres.  3 

sg.     71  ;    pret.     I    sg.     7ii5  J 

pres.  ptc.  48'*. 
swimman,   iii,   savim,    pret.    i 

sg.  7  3^  ;  3  sg.  2  2'-^. 
swin,  n.,  s-Tvine,  40 'o^. 
swingere,  m.,  ivhippery  scourg- 

er,  277. 
swinsian,     w2,      j/V/^,     make 

melody,  pres.   3  pi.  7 7. 
8wi3,  adj.,  strongy  comp.   neut. 

4o94;  n.  pi,   1 65. 

(2)  comp.  right  (hand)y  n. 

sg.  f.  60 12. 
swi3e,  adv.,  w.  adjectives,  'very, 

exceedingly  y     51^,     57^;     w. 

verbs  intensifying  their  force, 

68,     io3    {deep)y     193    {fast)y 

^G^    {entirely),     32^    {much), 

628,  9312  J  sup.  8328,  937. 
swiSfeorm,  adj.,  'violenty  3^2. 
swogan,    rd.,     soundy     rusthy 

pres.   3  pi.  7^. 
swoncor,    adj.,    plianty    agile y 

gracefuly  a.  sg..  m.   19^. 
swylc,  adj.  pron.,  suchy  a.   sg. 

60"  ;f    888  5  g.   pi.    199. 

swylce,  adv.,  like-wisey  6^,  20^, 
248,  4029,  60^  95^  6 3 '3,  64^ 
83*°;    swylce   sue,    like-ivisey 

sylf,  pron.,  reflex.,  selfy  d.  sg. 
20^  }  w.  pers.    pron.    in  same 


case,  expressed  or  omitted,  my- 
selfy  himself y  etc.,  n.  sg.  262^^  j 
wk.  378,  62^,  79'%  841  J  g. 
338  J  d.  6610;  n.  pi.  576  J 
sim.,  sylfes  "Saes  folces,  646} 
"Sast  sylfe,  likenjoisey  41°. 

sylfer,  n.,  sil-uery  d.  sg.  142. 

syllan,  wi,  ginjey  37^. 

symbel,  n.y  feast y  d.  sg.  31". 

symle,  adv.,  alivaysy  37^,  40^0, 

64,    67I 

s^n,  f.,  sighty   a.   sg.    325  5  d. 


40^^. 


T. 


tacen,  tacn,  n.,  tokeny  signy  a. 

sg-  55^- 

(2)  meaningy  a.  sg.  59'°. 
tacnian,     w2,     indicatey    pret. 

ptc.  6314. 
tsecnan,    wi,    sho'-Wy   indicate^ 

pres.  3  sg.  316,  516. 
tan,  m.,  branch,  d.  pi.  532. 
teala,  teale,  adv.,  ^ell,  %i^^. 

(2)  certainly,  i  516, 
telg,  m.,  i^^,  2615. 
tSon,  n.,  ^«r/,   damage,   a.  sg. 

on  teon,  yor  (//zV)  ^z^r/,  50^. 
teon,  II,    contr.,   dragy    dra<vOy 

pull,  intr.,  go,  return,  pres.  3 

sg.  tyhS,  344,  626;  pret.  teah, 

1    sg.   7 1 5,    3   sg.    22^3. 

teorian,w2,  tirey  become  ^weary^ 
pret.  3  sg.  548. 


i8o 


6lo0fi?ar^ 


teran,  iv,  tear^  bite,  pres.  i  sg. 

tid,  f.,  time,   hour,   a.    sg.    3 3°, 

.  73";  d.  pi.  39S.586- 
til,  adj.,  ^00^^  ser<viceable,  1 7^  j 

g.  pi.  2623, 
tila,  adv.,  wuell,  482. 
tillfremmend,    m.,    nvell-doer, 

righteous  man,  g.  pi.  59^. 
tillic,  adj.,  good,  capable,  54^, 

635. 
timbran,  wi,  build,  pret.   ptc. 

8344. 
to,     prep.     w.     d.,     to    (motion 

to'wards),  3 18,  62,  14^,  etc. 
(2)  for,  for  the  sake  of ,  20^, 

2627,  3919,  4i5,  499,  696. 
to  f yre,  at  the  fire,  12"  5  t5 

feore,  /'«  {my)  life,^o^^  ;  wearfi 

to  bane,  became  bone,  68^  5  to 

"Son,  to  that  degree,  40^6  j  to 

ham,     homenjoards,    34'* }    w. 

dat.   infin.    28^2,    3123^    etc.  ; 

w.    uninflected     infin.    (Bos- 

worth-Toller,    s.    v.    111,    2) 

saecce  to  fremman,  to  do  battle, 

8729. 
to,  adv.,  stop  ...  to,    stepped 

up,  542. 
to,  adv.,  too,  w.  adjectives,  22^, 

33^- 

toberstan,  in,  to  be  rent  asun- 
der, pres.   3  sg.  3  87. 

togaedre,  adv.,  together,  52'^. 


togongan,  rd.,  pass  anvay,  im- 
persl.  w.  g.  rei  d.  pers.  231°. 

torht,  adj.,  bright,  n.  sg.  m. 
So^;  wk.  4295  a.  482,  532  J 
d.  pi.  torhtan,  569. 

torhte,   adv.,   clearly,    brightly, 

7\  59^- 
tosselan,    wi,    happen    amiss, 
fail,    impersl.    w.    g.    rei    d. 

pers.  pres.   i  52^,  16^. 
tosomne,  adv.,  together,  329. 
toS,  m.,   tooth,  a.  sg.,  58^  j  d. 

865  5    g.    pi.    3^25    d.    21X4. 

toSringan,  iii,  dri've  asunder, 

scatter,  pres.   i  sg.   3^7. 
tredan,  v.,  tread,  13S  n  5  pres. 

I  sg.  7' j   3  sg.  triedcS,    12^, 

tride'S,  8329;  3  pi.  875  J  pret. 

I  sg.  71"- 
treow,  n.,  tree,  532,  569, 
tu,  num.,  t^wo,  15^,  36*^,  635. 
tunge,  f.  wk.,   tongue,  79^5  a. 

sg.  588;  d.  482. 
turf,   f. ,    tujf,    a.   sg.    1 3  X  }    d. 

tyrf,  4025. 
twegen,  num.,   t^juo,   n.    42 'o, 

462,  3  5  f.  twa,  4217,  462.  a. 

m.    5225    f.    421,    693,    8o5, 

85^   ^    ^  g-    39",    42^;    d- 

46',  502,  6o'S,  87««. 
twelf,  num.,  ttvel've,  36^. 
tydran,  wi,  increase,  be  prolific , 

w.  d.  pres.   3  sg.  8337. 
tyhS,  see  teon. 


^Io6?0ai^ 


I8i 


tyr,  m.,  honour ^  glory,    a.    sg. 

26^3. 


Sa,  adv.  conj.,  then,  9^,  22^,  'o^ 

297,  etc. 

luhen,    106,    9  J    ^o7,   472, 

59'^,  etc.  j  'Sa  gen,  v.  gen. 
3ar,   adv.,  there,  ivhere,   there 

'where,  3 5,  24^  1412^  247^  etc. 
Sserinne,    adv.,     therein,    46'^, 

56'. 
Saes,  advbl.  g.  of  se,  so,  to  that 

degree,  i'. 
3aet,  conj.,  consecutive,  /o  that, 

1 2,  323,  2  11-^,  22 '9^  306,  4016^ 

(2)  final,  that,  in  order  that, 
315,   3612,  4o9,  35. 

(3)  introducing  a  depen- 
dent clause,  that,  4'*,  5^,  ii^^ 
2018,  26^  235,  '3^  257^  2711^ 
3  3",  39*^47^  608,  7223. 

Sancian,     w2,    thank,    rejoice, 

pret.   3  sg.  86^. 
Se,    rel.     pron.    indecl.,     nvho, 

ivhich,    I '5,  2",  i5^  3 16  J    89^ 

2023,  2510,  279,  i6^  38S,  3915, 
36,  4025,  49,  77,  78,  93,  ^35,  r4, 
5010,  569,  595,  x6,  60",  618, 
67'8,  69S  S,  706,  7228,  8o7, 
8330,  873%  9127  5  a.  1529,  20-^, 
31^5,  ^089,96,  414,43x6,  7^4, 
768  ig.  3212  J  d.  2021,  8714; 


n.  pi.  2^5,512,  I  3 10,  2g9,  346, 
3  5%  3 9 '5,  4^7,  i3,  4^9,  656, 
7i3,  8910,  9122  J  a.  3^8,  265  } 
d.  334  J  Se  ic,  1 2^4. 

5e,  conj.,  that,  because,  476. 

3eah,  conj.,  j^/,  hoive^er,  nenj- 
ertheless,  6 8,  93'°. 

(2)  although,  1 82,  4o47,  65, 
482,  795,  9117.  se  •5eah,j^/, 
J//7/,  49,  35"  (v.  hwse-Sre), 
3927-  deah,  tSe,  ^.  swa,  «/- 
though,  136,  4027,  8333,  5o, 

Searle,  adv. ,  se-verely. 
(2)  abundantly,  718. 

Seaw,  m.,  custom,  g.  sg.  ii^. 

Seccan,  wi,  cover,  g^  ;  pres.  3 
sg.  14S  8o9;  pres.  opt.  3  sg. 
ii"*;  pret.  3  sg.  ^eahte,  454, 
761  ;  pret.  ptc.  tSeaht,  lo^^, 
I  63. 

Secen,  f.,  co^ver,  d.  sg.  8339  ;  a. 
pi.  452. 

Segn,  m.,  ser^vant,  372,  49*, 
547,  862  ;d.  sg.  4S  9. 

Senden,  conj.,  avhile,  122, 
671S,  846. 

SSnian,  Segnian,  wz,  sernje, 
w.  d.  pres.    3    sg.  21'^  43 5  j 

3  pl-  50^; 
3eo,  n.,  thigh,  d.  s.  44'. 
5eod,  f.,  people,  a.  pi.,  72'3  j  g. 

418. 
3eodcyning,  m.,  king  of  people  ^ 

g.  sg.  67'. 


I82 


^lo0fifar^ 


Seoden,  m.,  chiefs  prince f  mas- 
ter, g.  sg.  45S}d.  2026,  5gi4^ 
611 

5gof,  m.,  thief,  47^;  g.  sg. 
7223. 

3eon,  I,  contr.,  flourish,  pret. 
I  sg.  "Sah,  71^. 

Seotan,  11,  rush,  resound,  38^. 

3eow,  m.,  sernjant,  3^7, 

Seowian,  W2,  seroje,  w.  d. 
pres.  I  sg.  "Seowige,  iz^^  ;  3 
sg.  506. 

3es,  Seos,  Sis,  dem.  adj.  & 
pron.,   this,    31',    32',    40^3, 

48,51,76,    66S4.    f.    74,   571. 

neut.    35^%  4o3i,  49,  926.   a. 

sg.   m.    39^9,  4o7,    12,   15,  22} 

f.  3  9^7,  26,  40S  2  J  neut.  40^8  j 

d.  neut.  40^9  5  a.  pi.  40^. 
Sicce,  adj.,   thick,  great,  a.  pi. 

4o36. 
Sicgan,  v,  take,  receive,  891°  5 

pres.  3  sg.   31 1"^. 
Sincan,  v.  Syncan. 
Sindan,  in,  snvell,   452  ;    pres. 

ptc.  a.  sg.  neut.  45^. 
3ing,n.,  thing,  39^4  ;  a.  sg.  32^, 

455  ;  a.  pi.  40^9  .  g.  4036. 
(2)  fowr/,   meeting,  council, 

d.  sg.  67'  5  'Singum  .  .  .  ISaet, 

/'«  or^^r  /^(J/,  6oi4. 
Solian,   W2,    endure,   hold    out, 

pres.   1  sg.  "Solige,  91^'}  3  sg. 

168. 


(2)  fail  iriy  be  depri<ved  of 


W.    g.   2027. 

3on,  instr.,  of  se;  to  "Son,  to  that 

degree,  40 '6. 
3onan,  adv.,  thence,  2  63,  291°, 

7227. 
3onc,  m.,    thought,  fanjour,  on 

'Sonc(e),  for  the  pleasure  of 

49,    2026. 

3oncian,  W2,  thank,  pret.  3  sg. 

887. 
3oncol,  adj.,  thoughtful,   <uoisey 

212. 
Sonne,  adv.,  conj.,   demonstr., 

then,i^,  ^3,  etc.  J  relat.,  njohen^ 

1 3,  8,  28,  i4,  etc. 

after  a  comp.adj.,///(3«,  16^, 

237,   394,  4024,    26,    28,    3i,  42, 

48,  etc.,    66S  2,  3,    843,    922, 

etc. ;  than  {if),  40^9, 
Sraed,  m.,  thread,  356. 
Srsegan,  wi,  run,  rush,  193. 
Srafian,    W2,    urge,  stir,    pres. 

3  sg.  3^^- 
3rag,  f. ,  time,  season  ?  d.  sg.  888. 
advbl.  d.  pi.  Sragum,  some- 
times, at  times,  \^,    3^7,  ^^7, 

84^. 
3ragbysig,  adj.,  busy  from  time 

to  time  (?),  4^ 
3reat,  m.,  troop,  press. 

(2)  stress,  blonx),  g.  pi.   35*^. 
Sreohtig,  adj.,  enduring,  perse- 

veringy  comp.  84^. 


Moasm 


1S3 


Srimm,  v.  Srymm. 

Sringan,     in,    press    on,  force 

a  ivay,  3 6'. 
3rist,  bold,  bra^ve,  g.  pi.  72^3. 
5ri3,  V.  3ryS. 
Srovvian,  W2,  suffer,  pret.  i  sg. 

3ry,  num.,  three,  40^2,  58'"*. 
3rymm,    3rimm,     m.,     might, 

po^ver,    reno-ivn,    d.    sg.    3^', 

4o9'. 

{x)  a  mighty  person,  g.  pi.  3'*. 
Sryrafaest,    adj. ,   reno^wned,    a. 

sg.  m.  47I 
Srymful,  adj.,  mighty,  \^,  3^7, 
3ry3,   3ri3,  f.,  force,    strength, 

g.    pi.    64"*  ;    advbl.     d.     pi. 

mightily,  37^  86*. 
3u,  pron.,  thou,  321^^  ^gn^  ^^28^ 

4o59  5  d.  sg.  iSe,  60'^. 
Sunian,     W2,    sound,     resound, 

452  ;  pres.  I  sg.  i^. 
3urfan,  prp.,  need,   pres.  i   sg. 

1522^   20'7. 

3urh,  prep.  w.  ace,  through, 
355,^1,  15.8,  etc. 

Surhraesan,  wi,  rush  through, 
pres.   I  sg.  3^6. 

3urst,  thirst,  43^. 

3weran,  iv,  forge,  pret.  ptc. 
89^ 

Syncan,  3incan,  wi,  seem,  ap- 
pear,]^xgs.'^  sg.  3 10,  31'^;  pret. 
Sahte,  47 S  863. 


3ynne,  adj.,  thin,  small,  a.  pi. 

4o36. 

3yrel,  n.,hole,  442  ;  a.  sg.  1521, 

3yrel,    adj.,    perforated,     bored 

through,  895. 
3yrelwonib,     adj.,     halving    a 

pierced    stomach,    a.    sg.    m. 

Syrran,  wi,  dry,  pret.  ptc.  28! 
3yrs,   m.,  giant,  d.  sg.  4o^3_ 
3ystru,  f.,  darkness,  d.  sg.  47"*  ; 

d.  pi.  3I 
3ywan,    wi,  press,    3'^^    pres, 

3  sg.  'Sy'S,  12^,  2  15,62^,  636. 

u. 

ufan,  ufon,  adv.,  from  abonje, 

do^wnijoards,  1^'^,  55,  69,  10'*, 

3  65,  9124. 
ufor, a.dv.,comp.,  higher,  abo've, 

w.  g.  40S8. 
uhta,     m.    wk.,     dawon,    early 

morning,  g.  pi.  606. 
Ulcanus,  m.,    Vulcan,    g.    sg. 

4o56. 

unbunden,  adj.,  unbound,  23^5. 
uncer,  poss.,  adj.,  our  (of  two), 

n.    pi.    m.    87'^,   a.  60'^^  see 

also  under  ic. 
undearnunga,     adv. ,      openly, 

422. 
under,  prep.,  w.  d.,  under  (rest) 

32,  22'5,  353,  etc. 


1 84 


6lo0s?ar^ 


w.  a.,  under,  beneath  (mo- 
tion towards)  2^,  3^4^  etc. 

under,  adv.,  do^wn,  21". 

underflowan,  rd.,  JlO'-w  beneath, 
pret.  ptc.  io2. 

underhnigan,  i,  descend  be- 
neath, w.  a.,  3^9  J  pres.  i  sg. 
666. 

undyrne,  adj.,  knonvn,  evident, 
42x5. 

unforcuS,  adj.,  honourable, 
goody  true,  622. 

ungefullod,  adj.,  unfulfilled,  d. 
sg.  f.  59^3. 

ungesibb,  adj.,  strange,  unre- 
lated, d.  pi.  9^. 

ungod,  n.,  evil,  a.  20^5. 

unlaet,  adj.,  restless,  active,  en- 
ergetic, 53". 

unlytel,  adj.,  large,  great,  4®''^; 
a.  sg.  n.  8211. 

unrffid,  xn.,  folly,  g.   sg.    11'°, 

unraedsiS,  m.,  foolish  journey, 

nvay  of  folly,  a.  pi.   ii"*. 
unrim,  n.,   countless  number,  a. 

sg.  438. 
unrim,    adj.,     countless,    a.    pi. 

neut.  63. 
unsceaft,  f.,   evil  or  monstrous 

creature,  n.  pi.  87^2, 
unsoden,  adj.,  unboiled,  76^. 
unstille,  adj.,  restless,  unquiet, 


unwita,  m.,    ignorant    person, 

fool,  4". 
up,    upp,    adv.,    up,   upivards, 

3x2,   7o,    io9,    22^9,     33II,     555, 
918. 

upcyme,  m.,  upspringing,  a.  sg. 

3o9. 
upirnan,   in,   uprise,   rush    up- 

vuards,  pres.    ptc.  d.  sg.  wk. 

4o56. 
uplong,  adj.,  upright,  8 7 12. 
upweard,  adj.,  upivard,  turned 

up,    2L.    sg.    m.    nio^an    up- 

weardne,  upside  doivn,  61 6. 
user,  poss.  adj.,  our,  40^9. 
ut,    adv.,    out,    outvoards,    62^, 

9 1 16. 
utan,  adv. , /row  without,  40^,  ^^, 

4o47,   53^    72'3,    8339. 

ute,  adv.,  outside,  out  of  doors, 
422. 

uttor,  adv.,  comp.,  from  'with- 
out, 40^4. 

W. 

wa,  interj.,    vooe !  w.   g.  rei,  d. 

pers.  118. 
wac,adj.,Tx;^/2^, g.  sg.  neut. 45 ^ 
wacan,  vi,  be  born,  pret.   i   sg. 

202i. 

wadan,  vi,  go,  pass,  pres.  i  sg. 

62^5  pret.  3  sg.  2 2 '5^  916. 
waecan,  wi,  weaken,  pret.  ptc. 

285. 


(Siossm 


85 


waeccan,     wi,    luaic^y    avake, 

pres.  ptc.  a.  sg.  40^. 
waed,  f.,  garmenty  d.  pi.  42'*. 
waed,  n.,  'water y  a.  pi.  wado, 

waeg,   m.,    ot;^//,    d.    sg.    13'^; 

wage,  i4'2. 
w3eg,  (weg),  m.,   nvavey    320  ; 

d.    sg.    2^,    lo'o,    161,    2221, 

waegfaet,   n.,    ivater-'vessely    a. 

pi.  3^7. 
waegn,  m.,   nvaggony    22^2  j  a. 

sg.    22^  ;   d.    21^. 

waegstaeS,    n.,     shorey    d.    sg. 

222. 
waelcraeft,  m.,    deadly  po^ivery 

d.  sg.  89". 
waelcwealm,    m.,    death-pangy 

waelgim,  m.,  deadly  jeively  a. 

sg.  20"^. 
waelgrim,  adj.,  slaughter-fierce y 

bloodthirsty  y  15^. 
waelhwelp,       m.,       slaughter- 

njohelpy  murderous  dogy  g.  sg. 

^523. 
waepen,    n.,   njoeapouy    3^8;    a. 

^g.    5512  5  d.   pi.    3^2,   20i7. 
waepenTviga,  m.,  armed  njjar- 

rior,   141. 
wapnedcyn,     n.,     male-kind, 

maUy  g.  sg.  38'. 
waer,  v.  wer. 


waestm,  waBstum,    m.,  fruity 

produce  y  off  springy  902  j  d.  pi. 

8337. 

(2)  gro^ivthy  formy  figure, 

^.  sg.   3i5. 
waet,  adj.,  nvety  25"  5  wk.  35'. 
"vvseta,  m.    wk.,  nvatery   liquor, 

a.  sg.  i^^-y  d.  58'°. 
wsetan,  wi,  nxiety  soaky  pres.  3 


sg- 


pret.  3  sg.  262. 


waster,  n.,   nvatery    53^,    68^5 

g.    sg.    2212  J    d.    lo^,    1210, 

263,  9123. 
waeSan,     wi,     ivandery    hunt, 

pres.  3  sg.  345. 
wafina,  W2,  ^wonder  aty  be  as- 

tonishedy  pres.  3  pi.  83^^^ 
wagian,    wi,    shake,    tremble, 

pres.    3  pi.    38  J   pret.    3    pi. 

54^- 
waldend,  n.,  ruler,  mastery  6% 

204,    236,    4089  J  g.    sg.    40 1^ 

waldend,  adj.,  mighty,  po^wer- 

fuly  comp.  4087. 
Wale,  f.,  Welsh  (^foreign)  ivo- 

many  sla-ve,  128,  526. 
wamb,  V.  womb, 
war,    waro3,     n.,     sea-njoeed, 

40-*9  J  d.  sg.  28. 
warian,  W2,  guard,  pres.  3  sg. 

3 1 21,  82**,  9126. 
w^at,  wast,  V.  w^itan. 
waS,  f.,  ivanderingy  ro'vingy  a. 

sg.    I". 


i86 


aiofi?s;ar^ 


wawan,  rd.,  blonvy  pres.  3  sg. 

wea,     m.    wk.,    nvoe,    misery y 

calamity,    565;  a.    sg.    71'^; 

g.  pi.  87^0. 
wealcan,   rd.,    roily  toss,   pret. 

ptc.  z^. 
wealdan,     rd.,     nvieldy     rule, 

pres.    3    sg.    4o5,    22.    w.   g. 

pret.  3  sg.  52^. 
Wealh,    m.,    IVelsk    {foreign) 

man,  sla<ve,  foreigner,  a.    pi. 

Wealas,    iz^,-    g.   pi.   Wala, 

71". 
weall,  m.,  njoall,   834^;  g.  sg. 

297 ;  n.  pi.  39. 

(2)   cliff,   hill,   mound,    d. 

sg.  320  }  a.  pi.  345. 
weard,  m.,  guard,   attendant, 

guide,  i\^. 

(2)  ruler,  g.  sg.  137. 
weardian,    W2,     y^^/'/>,    guard, 

8725. 
wearm,  adj.,  <vjarm,  6^. 
wearp,  n.,  <voarp,  a.  sg.  3  5 5. 
weaxan,     rd.,    gro^w,     54'°  ; 

pres.  3  sg.  4026;  ^  pi,  40 102. 

pret.  I  sg.  871  ;  pres.  ptc.  n. 

sg.  53^- 
wecgan,  wi,  move,  bear,  carry, 

bring,  pres.  3  sg.  I2^,'2i5, 8o7j 

pret.  3  pi.  72^. 
weder,     n.,    iveather,    ivind, 

storm,  d.  sg.  30*. 


wefan,  v,  vuea've,  pres.    3  sg. 

83^2  J  pret.  ptc,  40^5, 
wefl,  f.,  <Tveft,  nvoof,  n.  pi.  355. 
weg,    m.,    ^ay,    a.    sg.    1521, 

538,    623;   d.    36S  683,  695; 

a.  pi.  316^  516. 
weg,  V.  waeg. 
wegan,  v,  mo've,   carry,  bring, 

pres.    I    sg.   206  ;  3  sg.  32", 

5o3,    706,    7221  ;     3    pi,     1414  . 

pret.    3    pi.    273  ;   pret.    ptc. 

218. 
wel,  adv.,  voell,  6^,  50S. 

(2)    thoroughly,    'very,     w. 

adj.  9I 
wela,  m.  wk.,  vuealth,  ?67^°. 
wella,    m.   wk.,   nvell,   source, 

fountain,  a.  pi.  383. 
wen,  f.,  expectation,  hope,  pros 

pect,  328. 
wenan,  wi,  <ween,  believe,  sup 

pose,  expect,  2oi7  .  pres.  3  pi 

2^,-    pret.    I    sg.    607;  y^,,   g 

pres.  I  sg.  5"*. 
wendan,  wi,  turn,  pres.  3  sg, 

7228;  pret.    3  sg.    595;  pret 

ptc.  59^9. 
"weorc,  n,,    vuork,   handivuork 

9l32  ;   n.    pi.    26I'*. 

(2)  labour,  toil,  a.  sg.  7 1  ^3 

g.    42^,    5410. 

weorpan,  iii,  throve,  dash 
hurl,  w.  d.  of  thing  thrown 
pres.  3  pi.  2^. 


(SlossatB 


187 


weorpere,  m.,  thronjoer^  27^. 

"weorS,  adj.,  ^worthy ^  held  in 
honour,  27'  j  comp,  87'"*. 

weorSan,  iii,  become,  50^°  ; 
pres.  I  sg.  16^^}  3  sg.  15'^^} 
3  pi.  2i4,  513  .  pret.  I  sg.  98  J 
3  sg-  39'^  67",  683,  82^5  3 
pi.  723. 

(2)  as  auxily.  with  pret.  ptc. 
of  another  vb.  making  it  pas- 
sive, 331,-  pres.  I  sg.  2020 ; 
pret.  3  sg.  ^35  ;  pret.  opt.  3 
sg.   8330. 

weorSian,  W2,  honour,  adorn, 
pres.  3  sg.  2  0'Oj  pret.  ptc. 
7o5,  8324. 

wSpan,  rd.,  ^weep,  pres.  3  sg. 
70^  ;  pret.  I  sg.  9119. 

wer,  "waer,  m.,man,  46'  ;  g. sg. 

44';    n.    pi.     143,    12,     229,     21, 

306,  8341,  85'  ;g.  pi.   18,  39, 

2618,      291^      34',      473,       823, 

8726  J  d.    27s  3i4,    i4,    3^11, 

4i9,  4^^^. 
werig,    adj.,    tired,   w.    d.    53  ; 

w.  g.   5  4 10. 
wermod,m.,  ^worm-uoood,  40^. 
werSeod,    f.,    people,     a.     pi. 

8340. 
wesan,   anv.,  /o  be,  43 'o  ;  pres. 

I  sg.    5S    152,    17',   etc.  ;    3 

sg.    iS    15s    17^    etc.  ;    w. 

neg.  prefix,  nis,  40^8,  86,  g^i  j 

3    pi.    sind,    sindon,   sindan. 


55'°,  57^  58'^  656,  663  . 
pres.     opt.     3    sg.    sy,     2  8^3^ 

3ri4        -joi       i4'       Ao24       27      60 

4i9,  67'9,  795,  8355  J  sle, 
3124,  3^:4.  pret.  I  sg.  14S 
i8S  4o44,  56s  60S  e^-,  2, 
71 S  9,    901  j    3   sg.    92,    135, 

198,  226,  3l4,  6,  3^9^  333,  5, 
36s  8,  ^  3  7S  46^  47^  5I^ 
5^^  53^  ",  56^9,603,6316, 
642,  682,  702,  82S  875,  ^4. 
pi.  108,  13S  334,  466,  523, 
8729;  opt.  3  sg.  367. 

(2)  as  aux.  vb.  w.  pret. 
ptc.  forming  passive  voice, 
pres.  I  sg.  249,  632;  3  pi. 
42 '7  J   pret.   3  sg.   5918,  6i4j 

opt-   3  sg.  39'^- 
vrest,  adv  ,  ivestivard,  29^0. 
wic,    n.,  habitation,    dnvelling- 

place,  a.  pi.  72,    158  j    d.  87, 

494,  7228. 
wicg,  wycg,n.,  steed,  14^  ;  d. 

sg.  1414,  7^7.  n.  pi.  2221 J  a. 

229  .  d.  222. 
wicstede,  m.,  dnvelling-place^ 

n.  pi.  39. 
wid,  adj.,  njuide,  a.  sg.  f.  i83. 
widdor,  v,  wide, 
wide,  adv.,   far,   nvidely,   far 


and  nxjide. 


S    3^ 


10%  20^6,  a6i6,  27S  35'S 
39'7,  582,  d^T^  7222,  8210, 
9127^    933.    all   O'very   4o99j 


i88 


comp.     widdor,     9' 

7i'o. 
wideferh,  adv.,yor<fa;(?r,  39^,2^ 
widgal,  adj.,   njuanderingf   ro^ 


6oi7 


ing,  d.  sg.  20^ 


wid- 

g(i)elra,  more  extended^ividery 

4051,  83. 
widlast,  adj.,  far-ivandering, 

196. 
wido,  562,  V.  wudu. 
wif,   n.,    ivomatty    ivife^    25", 

36^,  5o5,  g.  sg.  36",  9o3,  d. 

20^2,  n.  pi.,  30^,  d.   pi.   25% 

46'. 
wifel,  m.,  nvee^il,  beetle,  a.  sg. 

4o73. 

wig,  n.,  battle,  nvar,  a.  sg.  5^, 
15^3. 

wiga,  m.  wk.,  ^warrior,  15^, 
50S  516,  7228,  g.  sg.  9120. 

wiht,wuht,wyht,  f.  n.,  njoighi, 
creature,  being,  18^,  20^,  232, 
241,  251,  28^3,    297,    3i4^   i9, 

^^  3^5,  ^\  33S  38^  39S 
4087,  4i9,  69s  8iS  83s  85s 
882,  a.  sg.  4",  29S  34S  36^ 
371,  38S  3926,  562,  582, 
672,  68S  86S  g.  29^4,  36^3, 
d.  56^,  n.  pi.  4216,  a.  571, 
wuhte5ii,  wyhte,  42 1,  g.  288, 

3 9 '4,   428,    834. 

(2)  indef.  particle  after  a 
neg.  {not,  none)  at  all,  a.  3 1  ''*, 
5810,  5^1^  d_  476^  advbl.  1523. 


wiif,  V.  wif. 

wilcuma,  m.  y^k.,  pleasant  com- 
er, ^welcome  guest,  or  thing, 
g.  pi.  8". 

wilgehleSa,  m.  wk.,  pleasant, 
familiar  companion,  a,  pi. 
145. 

willa,  m.  vi\i.,nxiill,  desire, plea- 
sure, 781,  a.  sg.  2o33j  546^ 
63^  72^  g-  pl-  2 8 10,  d.  pi. 
867,  8^11^  gi2. 

willan,  anv.,  ^zx;///,  nvisk,  pres. 
isg.  499,  3sg.  3  5"»39^43'°» 
I^  44^  59'^    76^  899,  3  pi. 


26^8^    pret.    3   sg.    29- 


w.    neg.   pref.   pres.    i    sg. 

nelle,  2315,  3  sg.  nele,  151^. 
wilnian,   W2,    desire,   ask  for^ 

pres.   3  pi.  497. 
win,  n.,  njjine,  d.  sg.  14^7,  42^^, 

46^ 
wincel,  m.,  corner,  d.  sg.  45 ». 
wind,   m.,   nvind,    lo^o,    40^8. 

d.  sg.  14!^  16s  30%  4081. 
windan,  111,  tnvist,  turn,  curl, 

pret.    ptc.    28^,    553  J   n,    pi. 

355,  40104  J  a.  4o99. 
winnan,    iii,    stri-ve,     contend, 


pres.    I   sg.    3 


67,   6> 


sg-    3' 


pres.    ptc.    2'=,    3' 


Si^i  a.  562. 
winsele,  m.,  nvine-hall,   d.  sg. 
54^- 


^Io00ar^ 


189 


winterceald,  adj.,  wintry  cold, 

wir,  m.,  ivirey  filigree,  orna- 
ment, xo^  ;  d.  sg.  26''+,  70S  J 
d.  pi.  20^2^  4o-*7. 

wirboga,  m.  wk.,  bent  nvire, 
d.  pi.  14^ 

wis,  adj.,  HMise,  321^^  ;  d.  31^1 

wisdom,  m.,  <tvisdomy  a.  sg. 
939  J  d.  67^ 

wise,  f.  wk.,  sprout,  groivth^ 
a.  pi.  654. 

wise,  f.  wk. ,  manner,  fashion, 
pi.  characteristics,  'virtues, 
36^3^  7910J  a.  pi.  118,  20", 
69s  7^^^^,  837  ;d.  pi.  3iS 

J2^. 

(2)  melody,  a.  sg.  8**. 
wisfaest,     adj.,    njoise,    skilled, 

learned,    35'"*;    d.    sg.    28'^  ; 

g.  pi.  67'^  d.  41^. 
wisian,  w2,  guide,  direct,  pres. 

3    sg.    3'^,    2o5,    2l2. 

wisse,  V.  witan. 

wist,  f.,  food,  a.   sg.    32"  ;  a. 

pi.  437  id.  pi.  832^ 
witan,   prp.,  knonv,  pres.  i  sg. 

11^  35^43S49S58S  87^^ 

2  sg.     36'^  ;    3  pi.    427;    pret. 

3  sg.  wisse,  541  ;  pres.  opt.  3 
sg.  4"  ;  I  pi.  3612;  3  pi.  39I 

wite,  n.,   punishment,    torment, 

penance,  26'7;  a.  sg.  23"^. 
witod,  adj.    ptc,   decreed^    as- 


sured,  certain,    156,  ",  lo^'^y 

847  ;  a.  pi.  437. 
wi3,  prep.,  w.  d.,  against,  320^ 

41,  1 6s  2,  2710,  72^. 

(2)  ou///:,  2o27,  3912^  601"*; 

w.  a. ,  against,  42  '^  ^  foUo wing 

its  case,  i69. 
wi3,  adv.,  against,  28'°. 
wlitan,  I, /oo^,  pres.  3  sg.  91^2, 
wlite,  m.,    aspect,  countenance^ 

36",  70%  8324;   a.  sg.  837. 
wlitetorht,  adj.,    beautiful,  g. 

pi.  70^. 
wlitig,    adj.,    beautiful,     14", 

1 7 10,  8319  ;  a.  pi.  wk.  347. 
wlitigian,  w2,  beautify,  adorn^ 

pres.  3   sg.    8337 ;    pret.    ptc. 

312,  322,  8340. 
wlonc,  wlanc,  adj.,  proud,  ex- 
ultant, splendid,  141,  42"*  ;  a. 

sg.  m.  5010;    d.  797;    n.  pi. 

m.  306;  a.  14'^  5  g-  59'^  J  d. 

1 710. 
woh,  n.,  crookedness,  per'versity, 

on  woh,  crookedly,  21'^. 
woh,  adj.,  crooked,  692  ;   n.  pi. 

neut.    392"*;   a.  wk.    ii^;    d. 

w5um,  14^. 
wolcen,  n,,  cloud,  g.  pi.  7^  ;  d. 

8325. 
wolcengehnast,    n.,    battle  of 


clouds,  d. 


sg-  3' 


wolcnfaru,  {.,  cloud-drift,  mo'v 
ing  clouds y  a.  sg.  371. 


1 90 


^Io0s;ar5 


worn,  m.,  disgrace. 

(2)   slandery  abuse,   a.  sg. 

womb,  wamb,  f.,  ivomb, 
stomach,  37^  ;  a.  sg.  18^,  62^, 
855,    86S    d.   3^8,  363,  8733, 

9123,   28. 

wombhord,  m.,  treasure  of  the 

nxjomb,  17^°. 
won(n),      adj.,      dark,     lurid, 

livid,  320,   40107,    8722;  wk. 

49"^  5  a.  pi.  neut.  40'*i  ;  d.  pi. 

V70Viiah,2Ld.].,  dark,  52^. 
vronfeax,     adj.,     dark-haired, 

128. 
wong,   m.,   /^/d',    plain,    35', 


40 


Sr     83 


702  ;  a.  sg.    64I  ;    d. 
21^,  582,  72^  }  n.  pi.  665  .  a. 

122,    g^IO. 

(2)   the  earth,   the  ivorld, 
d.  sg.  31^1 
wonian,  W2,  diminish,    pres.  i 

sg.    2o33. 

wonnsceaft,  f.,  evil  fate,  mis- 
ery, a.  sg.  9120. 

v^ord,  n.,  nvord,  a.  sg.  18^, 
20",  59S,  939;  d.  4014  J  a. 
pi.  47S  6725  g.  32^4  ;  d.  4", 

2o34,  3119,  3514,  3926,  29, 
4o73,  476,  483,  5  5 16,  60% 
837,   54,    P8353. 

wordcwide,  m.,  speech,  saying, 
a.  pi.  6o'7. 


wordlean,   n.,   ivord   requital^ 

g.  pi.  799. 
world,  woruld,  f.,  vjorld,   a. 

sg.  402,  8337. 
worldbearn,    m.,   child  of  the 

^vorld,  man,  g.  pi.   8332. 
worldlif,  n.,  earthly  life,  d.  sg, 

4087. 
woruldstrengu,      f.,     voorld 

strength,  strength,  g.  pi.  262 
w63,  f.,  sound,   voice,  song,  d 

sg.  8". 
wo6bora,m.  wk.,  sound-bearer^ 

singer,  poet,  d.  sg.  31 24,  792 
w55giefu,  f.,  gift  of  song,  31 '8 
wracu,  f.,  malice,  enmity,  d.  sg 

wraece,  i^. 
wraid,  f.,  bond,  a.  pi.  3^3. 
wrasnan,  wi,  change,  pres.   i 

sg.  24^ 
wriest,  adj.,  strong,    vigorous, 

comp.  4026. 
wrSste,  adv.,  strongly,  40^9. 
wratt,  f.,  ornament,  decoration^ 

d.  pi.  312,  322. 
wraetlic,  adj.,  vjondrous,  curi- 
ous, fair,  beautiful,  232,  31 18, 

3924,  441,  553,  69 1 }  n.  sg.  f. 

331,   472;    a.   sg.   f.    672J    g. 

wk.  59^7;  n.   pi.   neut.    26i4j 

a^f.  42S  51^ 
wraetlice,    adv.,     voonderfully, 

elegantly,    362,    40^,    85,    102, 

io4,    682,    69S. 


^Io00ar^ 


191 


wraS,  adj.,  fierce^  cruely  g.  pi. 
40^1,  7o^j  d.   i4'7. 

(1)  bitter y  com  p.  40^0, 
wraSscraef,    n.,     den,     a.     pi. 

40'*i. 
wrecan,  v,  drive,   i",   pres.  3 
sg.  3^;  pres.  opt.   3  sg.  wraece 
1 2,  pret.  ptc.  21". 

(2)  avenge,  91'^;  pres.  opt. 
3  sg.  wraece,  20 '8. 

wrecca,  m.  wk.,  exile,  <voan- 
derer,  a.  sg.  29'°,  g.   398. 

wregan,  wi,  rouse,  excite,  'i^'^, 
pres.  I  sg.  3^1,  pret.  ptc.  2^. 

wrenc,  m.,  artifice,  d.  pi.  advbl. 
cunningly,  %^. 

wreon,  i  q.ox\\x., cover,  pret.  3  sg. 
wreah,  i'^,  wrah,  9^,  26'%  3 
pi.  wnigon,  2i5,  76^,  8715. 

WreSstuSu,  f.,  support,  founda- 
tion, d.  pi.  402, 

wrigian,  W2,  strive,  push  one'' s 
voay,  pres.  3  sg.  21^. 

wriSa,  m.  wk.,  ring,  a.  sg.  59^. 

wriSan,  i,  bind,  fetter,  pres.  3 
sg.  5o5,  pret.  ptc.  53^. 

wrixlan,  wi,  change. 

(2)  discourse,  60'°,  pres.    i 
sg.  82. 

wr5ht,f.  accusation,  quarrelling, 

?72i4. 

wrotan,   rd.,  break  up  the  soil 

(of  pigs),  pres.  ptc.  40'o7. 
Wudu,m.,avoo^  (material),  40'*^, 


55'6,    565,  d.    sg.    io5,  87", 
9123,  a   wido,  562. 

(2)  vjood  (^forest),  a.  sg.   i^, 
8o7. 

(3)  ship,  3^1 

(4)  /r^^,  533. 
wudubeam,    ra.,  forest-tree,  g. 

pi.  87^6. 
wudutreow,    n.  forest-tree,   a. 

sg-  55^- 
wuhte,  V.  wiht,  a.  pi. 
wuldor,  n.,  glory,  83^2  •  g.  sg. 

667  i  d.  302. 
wuldorcyning,    m.,  yt;«^     of 

glory,  g.  sg.   3921. 
wuldorgesteald,  n,   ^\.,  glori- 
ous possessions f  26'^. 
wuldorgimm,      m.,      glorious 

jevoel,  8  3  25, 
wuldornytting,     m.,    glorious 

usefulness,  d.  pi.  832^^. 
wulf,  m.,  voolf  g.  sg.  9127. 
wulfheafedtreo,  n.,  vuolf-head- 

tree,  5  5 12. 
wull,  f.,  voool,  g.  sg.  35^, 
wund,  f.,  n.vound,   d.  sg.  91^^  j 

n.  pi.  5917  J  a.  5'2,  537. 
wund,     adj.,      voounded,      5^, 

892. 
wundenlocc,  adj.,  curly  locked, 

26". 
wunderlic,    wundorlic,    adj., 

n.vonderful,  strange,  87225  f. 

18',    20',   24',    25',  297  J  a. 


192 


(S^Uisim 


sg.   f.    86^;  comp.  a.  sg.  m. 

wundor,  n.,  nvonder^  miracle, 
676,  683  5  a.  sg.  47^  5  g-  60^05 
g.  pi.  218,  82'o,  8334  J  d.  pi. 
advbl.  wundruruf'^juonderfully, 
35S   36s    50s  68S    83X,   ^S 

wundorcraeft,     m.,     nvondrous 

mighty  d.  sg.  40^5. 
wundorlice,  adv.,  ^wonderfullyy 

29*. 
wundorworuld,    f.,    njoondrous 

nxiondy  a.  sg.  391^. 
wunian,  d^ell,  pres.  i  sg.  wu- 

nige,  84^,  pret.  i  sg.  72'. 
(2)  remairiy   continuBy  40^, 

pres.  3  sg.  31^6. 
wycg,  V.  wicg. 
wyhte,  V.  wihte. 
wyltan,    wi,   roily  turtiy   pret. 

ptc.  59''9. 
wyn(n),  Ly  joy,  pride,  277,-  d. 

sg-  53^  d.  pi.  40107. 
wynlic,  a.dj.  y  joyfuly  delightful, 

4026  ;  n.  sg.  f.  3 1 18. 
wynnstaSol,  m.,  joyous founda- 

iiouy   seaty    or  iowrr^  0/  jo);, 

90^. 
wynsum,  adj.,  ivinsomey  agree- 
able, 8  3 '9,  25. 
wyrcan,  wi,  nvork,  make,  con- 
struct, 15^^,  72"  }  pres.  3  sg. 

378,  637  ;   pret.  3  sg.  worhte, 


406,89,  546,  885  J    pret.   ptc. 
geworht,  692. 
wyrd,  f.,  iveirdy  Jate,  472  j    g. 

pl-  35^  39''- 
wyrdan,   wi,    destroy,     injure, 

pres.  3  pi.  8733. 
wyrm,  m.,  ivorm,  40^6,  473  .  n. 

pi.  35^- 
wyrman,  wi,   ivarm,   pres.    3 

sg.   1 2 10. 
wyrnan,  wi,  refuse,  pres.  3  sg. 

20^^  J  w.  g.  rei,  2029. 
wyrs,    adv.,    comp.     of   yfle, 

Ivors  e,  135. 
wyrslic,     adj.,     mean,     <vile, 

comp.  40^8. 
wyrt,  f.,  root,  herb,  a.  pi.  34^5 

g.  7o3  J  d.  5",  347. 

Y. 

yean,  wi,  increase,   30^  ;  pres. 

3  pi.  2624. 
yfel,    adj.,    enjil,    bad,    i.     sg. 

4o32. 
yfle,  adv.,  badly,  43^,  828. 
yldo,  f.,  old  age,  43! 
yldra,  v.  eald. 
ymb,  prep.  w.  a.,  about,  around, 

204,    4o5. 

(2)  concerning,    338,    3926, 
following  and  separated  from 
its  case,  23",  4  3 '6. 
ymbclyppan,      wi,     embrace. 


4o5^ }  pres.  i  sg.  40 


i5 


^Io00ar^ 


193 


ymbhwyrft,       m.,       uni-uerse, 

nvorldy   4o'*2  ;    a.  sg.  40^,  '5^ 
ymbwindan,       iii,     surround^ 

pres.   1  sg.  40^-*. 
yrnan,  in,  run^  flo^Wy  845. 
yst,  f.,  stormy  d.  sg.  an  yste,  in 

storrriy  sV°- 
y3,  f.,  nxia^-ve^  60^  ;   a.  sg.  fiSj 

734jn.pl.  2^5,  7625  a.  3'7,68. 


g.    2^,    333^    22^5    d.    lO'*,    I  63, 

_  7^'- 

y6an,  wi,    devastate,   ra^vage^ 
_   7o7. 

ywan,  wi,  shoiv,  display,  pres. 
ptc.  3  sg.  55*5  5  pret.  ptc.  33'*. 

Z. 

zefferus,  m.,  xephyrus,  40^8. 


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A    BLOT     IN     THE     SCUTCHEON, 
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